M jama'a

Tarihi ne zuwa kashi biyu yadudduka: dadadden al'umma da kuma wayewa. A farko mataki na cigaban dan Adam ne m aiki da kara ɗe da tsawon lokaci na fiye da shekaru miliyan biyu da, bãbu lõkacin jihar tsarin, ba tukuna a dokar.

A lokacin ta zama, da m al'umma ya zo dogon juyin hanya, a kan abin da akwai wani canji a cikin zamantakewa da al'adu da kuma tattalin arziki image na na'urar. Akwai biyu main matakai na m jama'a: farkon - appropriating tattalin arzikin, na biyu - da m tattalin arziki. A canji yakan faru a cikin hãlãye Neolithic (Neolithic juyin juya halin) a cikin 8-3 Millennium BC

A mataki na farko ne halin da samuwar mutum a matsayin biosocial kasancewarsa. Mutane amfani da sauki dutse kayan aikin, suka zauna a kudi na appropriation na halitta kayayyakin (taro, kama kifi, farauta), ya jagoranci wani Vagabond rayuwa, sõyayya a gida kungiyoyin karkashin jagorancin shugaba. Wannan shi ne mafi sauki nau'i na rayuwa da kuma zamantakewa kungiyar, nuna da low matakin na ci gaba m, zamantakewa da al'adu dangantakar, da ake kira m mataki ko asali al'ummomi. Duk da haka, duk da m ciki rai daga cikin garke, shi gano farko zamantakewa norms na m al'umma, dokoki, matsayin, da kuma sauran halayya alamu.

Halitta gabbai ana fara ba da hanyar zaman jama'a da al'adu stereotypes. Dangantaka a cikin kungiyar ne sauransu. Rarraba abinci da kuma sauran albarkatun ne uniform. Dalili na wannan daidaici yake daidai da musayar (as abinci, kayayyakin aiki, da kuma mata, kuma haka a). shugaba na wani rukunin na ikon bayyana kanta sosai expressively. Nufinsa, ana riskarsa kamar na kullum garke.

A kara mawuyaci na zamantakewa dangantakar canje-canje a cikin aure dangantaka (bayyanar exogamy, hani aure tsakanin Zumuntarku) da kuma Neolithic juyin juya halin jagoranci zuwa fitowan da iyali da kuma kabila kungiyoyin. Akwai wani canji a cikin garke a kan tribal al'umma, wanda ya ginu ne kan zumunta. Gina rodoobschinnye dangantaka iya a matriliny ko patrilineal ka'idojin.

Prehistory bayan da Neolithic juyin juya halin da aka shiga wani sabon zagaye. Mutane je samar da tattalin arziki, wanda damar su ba kawai don tabbatar da rayuwa da kansu, amma kuma za a fara a purposefully samar da kansu tare da abinci da kuma sauran muhimman abubuwa ga rayuwa. Shi ya zama alamomin for miƙa mulki ga wata sedentary salon. A hankali, mutum iyali kabila kungiyoyin kafa iko a kan wani ƙasa. M mataki jũya a cikin wani m cewa ya girma numerically da related to wani fanni na musamman masana'antun kungiyar. A sabon zamantakewa ta dogara ne a kan kai-gwamnati da kuma somoregulyatsii.

A wannan mataki na ci gaba da m jama'a motsa zuwa ga wani ajali rabo daga aiki, da rarraba abinci da kuma wani aure. Ka'idojin daidaito da kuma egalitarianism har yanzu zama. Amma, a lokaci guda, da samar da rarraba za a iya sanya shan la'akari da matsayin da ayyuka na membobinta (ta jima'i, shekaru, da dai sauransu). A abũbuwan amfãni daga wata tawagar mallaki kuma ta shugaban. Around shi aka mayar da hankali da kungiyar members, wanda a sama domin amfanin yi musu gane shugaban yiwuwa. Saboda haka akwai wani pre-jihar nau'i na gwamnati.

A tribal al'ummomi riga ya wanzu dokoki na gudanarwa, tabbatacce ne a dukkan yan ta tawagar. Generic nagartacce aka nasaba da totems, da mythological overtones. The domin na rarraba samarwa ta wãyi kayyade, da iko a kan wannan tsari daukan kan shugaban. Social dangantakar halin kai-adapting: sun goyi bayan bukatun, addini da sauran darajar da wasu rubuce. Amma wannan ba ya ware da maimaitawa tilastawa norms cewa ci gaba da m al'umma. Lokacin da take hakki taboo laifi iya ko da a harba daga ko hõre mutuwa.