Wane ne Volga Jamus: Tarihin Jamus natsuwa

Quite wuya a gane wanda yake da Volga Jamusawa. Wasu masana la'akari da kabila da wani ɓangare na Jamus al'umma, yayin da wasu - asali kabila, wanda aka kafa a kan ƙasa na Rasha. Saboda haka, waɗanda suke Volga Jamusawa? A tarihin wannan al'umma za ta taimaka mana mu fahimci abin da take ethnogenesis.

A dalilan da ya magance cikin Volga Jamus

Bari mu dubi dalilan da ya kai ga cewa da Jamus sun shagaltar da Lower Volga yankin.

Hakika, akwai mafi muhimmanci rawar da abubuwa guda biyu. Farko, jama'ar na Rasha Empire ba da damar zuwa optimally populate da kuma yin amfani da matsayin da nagarta sosai kamar yadda kasarta da ke jihar. Don rama domin rashin manpower, janyo hankalin yawon ci-rani daga kasashen waje. Sau da yawa sosai, wannan yi an amfani tun Catherine 2. The sararin expanses na sararin Rasha Empire zaunar Bulgarians, Helenawa, Moldovans, Serbs kuma, ba shakka, da Jamus, wadda za a tattauna kara. Lower Volga kawai yana nufin irin wannan da wuya lugar yankunan. More kwanan nan, akwai nomadic Nogai taro, amma Rasha ya m wajen samar da aikin noma a wadannan kasashe.

Na biyu muhimmanci factor shi ne dalilin da samuwar da kabilanci Jamusawa na Volga yankin, ya yi aiki a matsayin yawaitar mutane a Jamus, wanda a wancan lokacin ya wakilci wani rukuni na mahara yantattun jihohi, ƙa'ida sõyayya a cikin abin da ake kira Mai Tsarki Roman Empire na Jamus Nation. Babban matsalar na da Jamusanci yawan shi ne rashin ƙasar domin dukan waɗanda suke so su yi aiki a kan ta. Bugu da kari, da Jamus na fama da tattalin arziki zalunci da} ananan hukumomi, da kuma gwamnatin Rasha miƙa su unprecedented amfanin.

Saboda haka, Rasha Empire ake bukata manpower don rike da sararin expanses da kuma Jamus da ake bukata a ƙasar su iya noma don ciyar da iyalansu. Wannan daidaituwa na bukatun kai ga taro ƙaura na Jamus yawan jama'a a cikin Volga yankin.

manifesto

Direct siginar zuwa hijirar na Jamus da kuma sauran al'umma a Rasha yi aiki a matsayin mai manifesto da Catherine 2, saki a cikin marigayi 1762. Ya yarda kasashen waje don shirya yardar kaina a cikin ƙasa na daular.

Next bazara, wannan daftarin aiki da aka complemented wata manifesto ya furta cewa, 'yan kasashen waje iya kansu zabi da wurin zama a cikin iyakokin na Rasha.

Abin lura shi ne cewa Catherine kanta 2 ya Jamus ta haihuwa da kuma 'yan qasar na sarauta na Anhalt-Zerbst, don haka ya san cewa mutane na Jamus, da fuskantar da bukatar ƙasar, na farko don amsa kiran da Rasha daular mulkinsu. Bugu da kari, ta na sane da kantin da industriousness na Jamusawa ba tãtsuniyoyi.

amfanin mulkin mallaka

Don jawo hankalin natsuwa, Catherine 2, gwamnatin bã su da wani yawan amfanin. A cikin hali na rashin kudi don matsawa Rasha mazauna kasashen waje muna da wadata su da kayan albarkatun a isa yawa domin tafiya.

Bugu da kari, duk da mulkin mallaka da aka Ban daga cikin taskar for daban-daban sharuddan da haraji, idan suna zaune a wasu yankunan, musamman ma a Lower Volga yankin. Mafi sau da yawa, da kalmar kebewa daga haraji da aka daidaita shekara talatin.

Wani muhimmin factor cewa gudummawar da m mulkin mallaka na kasashen waje asashe wasu daga cikin Rasha Empire, shi ne bayar da sha'awa-free rance ga Baƙi da shekara goma. Yana da aka yi nufi ga gina gidaje a sabon wurare na yarjejeniya, outbuildings ga ci gaban tattalin arziki.

A Rasha hukumomi a tabbatar da wadanda ba tsangwama a cikin harkokin jami'an mulkin mallaka. Don kafa rayuwa a cikin mazauna da kuma dangantakarsu da jihar gawarwakin bayar a raba kungiyar daga kwamitin da iko.

A daukar ma'aikata na Baƙi

Gwamnatin Jihar aka bai iyakance don kawai da samar da sake ma su matsugunni da dama da kuma bayar da dama m amfani ga mulkin mallaka. Suka fara bi da manufofin da aiki yakin neman zabe. Don yin wannan, a kan ƙasa na Jamus ƙasashe fara yada jaridu da leaflets da farfaganda kayan. Bugu da kari, a cikin Jamus sarrafa mahaluži cewa ke tsunduma a] aukar baƙi. Wadannan mutane su ne a matsayin ma'aikata da kuma 'yan kasuwa, da ake kira "kira zai", wanda ya shiga wata yarjejeniya tare da hukumomin gwamnati a kan daukar ma'aikata na mulkin mallaka.

Domin shekaru hudu, da suka fara a 1763, lokacin da ya kwarara daga baƙi ya fi tsanani, a matsayin mulkin mallaka game da dubu 30. Mutane zo a Rasha. Game da rabi daga cikinsu An dauki "da mai kira". Mafi yarda ya je rayuwa a Rasha ya daga Bavaria, Baden da Hesse.

Organization na farko ƙauyuka

Da farko, da mulkin mallaka da aka hawa zuwa St. Petersburg (daga baya zuwa Oranienbaum - a unguwar daga cikin babban birnin kasar), inda ya samu matsahi na saba da rayuwa da kuma al'adun Rasha, da kuma ya ba wani mai bai'a ga sarki. Kawai sai suka tafi ƙasar da ta Kudu Volga yankin.

Ba dole ne a ce cewa wannan hanya da aka quite wuya da kuma m. A lokacin wannan tafiya domin dalilai daban-daban, shi ya kashe fiye da mutum dubu uku da mutane, ko kusan 12.5% na jimlar.

A farko ƙauyuka, wanda ya shirya a yanzu Rasha Jamus ta zama mallaka na Lower Dobrinka, Jamus yaron kira Moninger. Yana da aka kafa a lokacin rani na 1764 a kusa da Tsaritsyno.

A total of 105 mazauna na Jamus natsuwa da aka gudanar a Lower Volga. Daga cikin wadannan, 63 mazauna tushen "kira zai," da kuma wani 42 - jama'a jikinsu.

Janar mazauna

Daga yanzu a kan Volga Jamusawa da tabbaci zaunar a kan Rasha gona, sai ya fara kafa hanyar rayuwa da kuma hankali hade a cikin rayuwar zamantakewa na daular, alhãli kuwa ba manta su asalinsu.

Natsuwa kawo tare da su yawa noma aiwatarwa, har zuwa wannan lokaci da aka ba amfani a Rasha. Sun kuma yi amfani da wani tasiri uku-filin juyawa. Babban al'adu suna girma Volga Jamusawa ne hatsi, flax, dankalin turawa, hemp, taba. Wasu jinsunan shuke-shuke a cikin manyan sikelin-wurare dabam dabam a cikin Rasha Empire aka gabatar daidai saboda wannan al'umma.

Amma shi ne ba kawai wani rai noma da Volga Jamus, ko da yake wannan masana'antu ya ba da dalilin da ayyukan. A mulkin mallaka suka fara shiga a cikin masana'antu aiki na kayayyakin na da gonaki, musamman samar da gari da kuma sunflower man fetur. Bugu da kari, a cikin Volga yankin suka fara samar rayayye saƙa.

Game da rayuwa kamar yadda irin wannan zauna a cikin Volga Jamus mulkin mallaka a lokacin XVIII-XIX ƙarni.

Organization na cin gashin kanta Jamhuriyar

Bolsheviks zo iko fundamentally sauya rayuwa a kasar. Gagarumin tasiri da wannan taron yana a kan rayuwa na Volga Jamusawa.

Da farko ya zama kamar ma cewa isowa na gurguzu alkawari da Jamus kara karfafawa da kuma kai-management damar. A shekarar 1918, a kan wani ɓangare na tsohon lardunan Samara da Saratovka an halitta Volga Jamus mai cin gashin kanta Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar, wanda har 1923 da matsayi na m yankin. Wannan ilimin hada kai tsaye a cikin RSFSR, amma dadin da babban m kai.

A administrative cibiyar na Volga Jamus mai cin gashin kanta Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar shi ne na farko Saratov, kuma tun shekara ta 1919 - Marksshtadt (yanzu birnin Marx). A 1922, da cibiyar karshe an mayar da su cikin birnin Pokrovsk, wanda a shekarar 1931 ya karbi sunan Engels.

Babban dalili kuwa shi ne CEC na Soviets a kasar, kuma tun 1937 - Majalisar Koli.

Jamus da aka yi amfani da matsayin harshe na biyu na ofishin. A farkon 1939, game da kashi biyu cikin uku, na yawan jama'ar da wannan ilimi ne ya Volga Jamusawa.

collectivization

Duk da haka, ba za mu iya ce cewa Volga Jamusawa iya ji dadin rayuwa a karkashin Soviet tsarin mulki. Idan masu rinjaye na baƙauye yawan Rasha sun tsohon serfs kuma bayan da kwato daga serfdom, a mafi kyau, zama ƙasar-matalauta manoma, daga cikin Jamusawa shi ne mai high yawan m masu. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da yanayi na Volga yankin na mulkin mallaka, ya kamata su bayar da mutane fiye da ƙasar yankuna. Saboda haka, akwai mutane da yawa gidajen da aka dauke da Bolshevik hukumomi a matsayin "kulak".

Volga Jamus - da mutane na Rasha, wanda kusan sha wahala mafi daga "dispossession" na tsari. Mutane da yawa mambobi na wannan kabila da aka kama, kurkuku, har ma da kashe a aiwatar da collectivization. saboda imperfections shirya gama management ba zai iya aiki tare da bisa ɗari rabo na iya aiki tare da wanda ya lalata tattalin arzikin aiki.

yunwa

Amma shi ke ba da mafi mũnin abu a cikin rayuwa na Jamus Volga. A 1932-1933 da yankin rungumi unprecedented yunwa. Ya kasance ba kawai saboda amfanin gona gazawar, amma kuma da cewa na gama gonaki compulsorily zamar masa dole ya mika dukkan hatsi da jihar. A sikelin yunwa da ta share da Volga yankin, m kawai zuwa cewa wani kwatancinsa, abin da ya faru a lokaci guda a kan ƙasa na Ukraine da kuma Kazakhstan.

A daidai yawan mutuwar daga yunwa na Jamus ne mai wuya a tantance ba, amma ya kiyasta cewa overall mace-mace kudi a cikin m jamhuriyar a 1933 amounted zuwa 50.1 dubu. Mutane alhãli kuwa, shi a shekarar 1931, daidai 14.1 dubu. Mutane. Domin shekaru biyu da yunwa kwashe, a mafi kyau, dubban rayuka na Volga Jamusawa.

fitarwa

A karshe duka cewa karbi Rasha Jamusawa daga Stalinist gwamnatin, ya zama su tilasta fitarwa.

A farko niyya mataki haramta shi da su ya fara a rabi na biyu na 30s, a lokacin da dangantaka tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Nazi Jamus da aka kona. Stalin ga wata barazana ga duk Jamusawa, la'akari da su a matsayin m jamiái na Reich. Saboda haka, duk 'yan wata kabila ba, aiki ne domin kāriyar masana'antu, ko bauta wa a cikin sojojin, a cikin mafi kyau idan an sallame, kuma sau da yawa ne aka kama.

A farkon yakin duniya na II nufi wani sabon karkatarwa ga ban tausayi rabo na dogon-fama da mutane. A lokacin da na biyu da rabi na 1941 - da fitarwa na Volga Jamus da aka yi na farko da rabin 1942 daga gidajensu a cikin m yankuna na Kazakhstan, Siberia da kuma Asiya ta tsakiya. Kuma su tattara su rana aka ba su, da kuma aka yarda su dauki kawai iyaka adadin sirri mallakarmu duka. The fitarwa da aka za'ayi a karkashin kulawa da NKVD.

A lokacin aiki, shi da aka fitar dashi kusan miliyan 1 Jamusawa daga daban-daban yankuna na Tarayyar Soviet, amma mafi yawansu ba su kasance daidai da mazaunan Volga yankin.

A halin yanzu halin da ake ciki

Repressed Volga Jamusawa ga mafi part sun ba su iya komawa gida. Sun yi kokarin shirya ta mulkin kai a Kazakhstan a karshen 70s, amma ya gana da juriya daga yankin. Kokarin taro koma Volga yankin bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet gwamnatin da aka ma wanzuwa ga rashin cin nasara, saboda gidan inda da zarar ya rayu da Volga Jamus, kuma yanzu zaunar, sabon mazauna, wanda ba ya so ya koma zuwa ga tsohon masu. Saboda haka, da yawa kabilanci Jamusawa bar for Jamus. Kawai da wasu daga cikinsu gudanar ya koma cikin birnin na Engels. Volga yanzu ba wani wuri na m mazaunin ce kabila.

A halin yanzu, game da 500 da dubu. Volga Jamusawa zauna yankuna daban-daban na Rasha, game da 180 da dubu. Ci gaba da rayuwa a Kazakhstan, amma da yawa ya tafi zuwa Jamus, Amurka, Canada da kuma Argentina.

al'ada

Volga Jamusawa da quite na musamman da al'adu, wanda shi ne a daidai gwargwado bambanta duka biyu daga Rasha kwastan, da kuma al'adun 'yan asalin yawan Jamus.

Mafiya yawa na wannan al'umma ne Nasãra na daban-daban igiyoyin, yafi Protestant (Lutheran, Baptists, Mennonites, da sauransu. D.), Amma quite kaɗan daga gare su da kuma Orthodox kuma Katolika.

Duk da shekaru na fitarwa da kuma rabuwa, da yawa Volga Jamus har yanzu riƙe su da al'adu da kuma harshe. Za mu iya cewa a kan ƙarni zama a waje Jamus suka wãyi raba kabila, wanda, duk da haka, shi ne ire-iren su da cewa kabila, cewa yanzu na zaune a cikin tarihi mahaifarsa daga cikin Jamusawa.