"Washington yarjejeniya"

"Washington yarjejeniya" - a sa na tattalin arziki da dokokin macroeconomic manufofin kafa fitar da Turanci tattalin arziki John Williamson a 1989. Suka yi nufin matsayin asali shiriya ga kasashen a bukatar taimako daga kasa da kasa da tattalin arziki kungiyoyi kamar bankin duniya da kuma lamuni na duniya IMF. Babban girmamawa ne a kan muhimmancin zaman lafiya da kuma macroeconomic hadewa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, a cikin wasu kalmomi, da neoliberal view of a duniya. Duk da haka, shi ya haddasa iyakance sakamakon, a bãyan an amfani a kasashe ta rikicen tattalin arziki.

Domin shekaru masu yawa da "Washington yarjejeniya" An zargi da wani yawan tsanani rashin jituwa, musamman a cikin Argentine rikicin. Dzhon Uilyamson lura da cewa a lokuta da dama sakamakon da aiwatar sun kasance m, ya gano wasu ƙarara, amma a lokaci guda ƙarasa da cewa wannan manufar ya kawo sakamako mai kyau - wato, ci gaban tattalin arziki, aiki da aikin yi, rage talauci a kasashe da dama.

Ra'ayoyin ga lokacin da suka tsara ta Williamson, ba sabon. Amma da suka wakilci tsantsa da na kowa jigogi daga cikin shawarwari, wanda aka ƙaddara da lamuni na duniya IMF, da bankin duniya, da Amurka ma'aikatar baitul da sauran lamuntawa hukumomin.

Dalilin da misali kunshin na sake fasalin ya cewa shirya real matsalolin data kasance a Latin America. Its m amfani dangane da sauran kasashen da aka soki ko da magoya bayan na dokoki. Kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar Williamson da kansa, wani lokaci coined da shi domin goma takamaiman shawarwari kan tattalin arziki da siyasa fara da za a yi amfani da mafi fadi ma'ana fiye da a da ya na asali bane, ya zama a hade da neo-m kasuwar ra'ayi da siyasa a general. Kuma a cikin za'a fadada tunani na "Washington yarjejeniya" An soki da yawa tattalin arziki, ciki har da a kan wani ɓangare na George Soresu, ta Nobel Dzhozefa Stiglitsa, kuma Latin American 'yan siyasa.

A jama'a a duniya yanzu ya yi imanin cewa shi ne da ke nuni da wani neo-m manufofin da cewa kasa da kasa kudi cibiyoyin a Washington, Mun halitta mai yawan takamaiman matakan game da Latin American kasashe suna fuskantar matsalar tattalin arziki, wanda ya kai ga ma fi girma hasarori. Akwai ma mutane wanda ba zai iya furta kalma "Washington yarjejeniya" kuma shi ba ya zo a cikin fushi.

Ten gyara, da ke sa a jerin Williamson, a zahiri wakilta wani asali matakin.

1. kasafin kudi da'a. Wannan kuwa don a iya za'ayi a duk ƙasashe inda akwai wani babban gibi, wanda ya jagoranci wani rikicin a cikin ma'auni na biya da kuma high kumbura, wanda ya buga a kan matalauta azuzuwan, saboda arzikin mutane za su iya ci gaba da tsabar kudi dukiya kasashen waje.

2. A redistribution na jama'a bayar wa a wuraren da cewa bayar da high tattalin arziki dawo da yuwuwar don inganta samun kudin shiga rarraba (wannan magani daga likita, firamarensa, da kuma kayayyakin more rayuwa).

3. Tax garambawul (raguwar iyakance fadada haraji tushe).

4. A walwalar ban sha'awa rates.

5. A m musayar kudi.

6. A walwalar na waje kai tsaye zuba jari.

7. pribatisation.

8. Ciniki da walwalar.

9. The deregulation.

10. Tabbatar da ganin mallakar dukiyoyi.

A tallafi na da yawa gwamnatoci "Washington yarjejeniya" ya fi mayar da a dauki ga duniya tattalin arziki da rikicin da ya buga mafi yawan Latin Amurka da kuma wasu sauran tasowa yankuna a lokacin 1980s. Ana zargin da rikicin da dama haddasawa: a kaifi Yunƙurin a shigo da man farashin bayan halittar a 1960 na OPEC, saita matakin na waje bashi, US girma, saboda haka, a cikin duniya na amfani rates. A sakamakon wadannan matsaloli - asarar samun ƙarin waje rance.

Dole ne in ce cewa wasu kasashe suna kokarin aiwatar da daban-daban maki na samarwa kunshin, wani lokacin shi ake amfani da matsayin sharadin samun rance daga IMF da Bankin Duniya.

Duk da haka, sakamakon da wadannan sauye-sauye da ya rage wani topic na yawa muhawara, kamar yadda tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa ta ci gaba da nazarin haddasawa da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki crises, faro daga lokacin da akwai wani farko duniya tattalin arziki da rikicin a 1857, wanda da wani tasiri ko da a kan Rasha. Gaskiyar cewa Karl Marx ya fara aiki a kan "Capital" in winter 1857-1858 shekara, kuma shi aka lalacewa ta hanyar tattalin arziki da rikicin da ya barke a cikin kaka na 1857 yau, kamar yadda muka sani, shi ne ka'idar crises hade tare da akidar Karl Marx tattalin arziki.