Zlatoust karfe engraving: fasaha, tarihi

Chrysostom - wani karamin gari a cikin Chelyabinsk yankin tare da wani yawan ɗari biyu da dubu mutane. Abin da aka sani a cikin art na makamai, art masana tarihi da kuma haraji na bladed makamai a kasashe da dama a duniya. Tsarki ya tabbata daga cikin birni ya kawo wani bakin ciki da kuma m launin karfe engraving, shafi karfe kayayyakin da kyau kwarai quality. Sarakuna, CPSU babban sakataren kuma shugaban kasar na Rasha Federation kamar yadda mai girma da darajar da su waje abokai Zagayawar da kayayyakin Ural Masters.

Zlatoust zana rubutu ƙawata kaifi makamai da kuma abubuwa na gida kãyan da kuma kayan - kwalaye, taba lokuta, rubuce-rubuce da kida, sau da yawa engraving amfani a yi na addini abubuwa - chalices, candlesticks, monstrances kuma albashi ga gumaka. Lambar yabo, wasanni kofuna da dama - kuma 'ya'yan aiki na sassake.

Melee makamai a matsayin wani al'amari na girma

Chrysostom - wani gari inda suka sani mai yawa game da ruwa.

Melee makamai ana nufin cika biyu ayyuka.

Farko - 'yanci na amfani ga manufar da aka nufa. Wannan yana nufin cewa da karfe kamata sauƙi tochitsya kuma yawanci dogon riƙe sharpness, zama resilient, karfi, moderately m, kuma ba tsatsa. Rike kuma daina kai hare hare - mai raba labarin. A mafi kyau makami samfurori rike yana da wani taso, da maimaita da ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin da hannunka, kuma shi ne kamar yadda ya kasance da wata halitta tsawo daga cikin hannu. Daina kai hare hare, da bi, - a ci gaba da ruwa. Yadda ya kamata tsara da kuma aiwatar, ba su jingina ga tufafin ba tare da ma nauyi, ba ma m, kuma ba fada kashe. A tsawon, siffar, lanƙwasa, farantin kauri - duk kirga.

Na biyu - da daraja. Daga cikin hanyar shi ya dubi kamar ruwa, sanya ya yi hukunci da mutunci da mai shi. Saboda wannan dalili, rike da daina kai hare hare ga nobility ado da duwatsu masu daraja da zinariya, da azurfa coinage, zane da inscriptions.

Zlatoust wukake a yau, kamar yadda abada, hadu duk bukatun da misali. Famous premium Dirk har yanzu yi karamin taron a Ural birni.

Production ruwa Zlatoustovsky

A yi na wani abu art ne dukkan muhimman matakai. Babu togiya da Zlatoust karfe engraving. mugunya samar da fasaha ba. A dakunan karatu, za ka iya samun Yanã shiryar da kome. Formulations daga karfe gami, da acid na dabara etching da varnishes ma samuwa. Art m kwafi an sanar a Zlatoust reshe na Ural Jami'ar Jihar. Tun da 1996, kowa na iya shiga cikin sana'a "Technology art aiki na kayan."

Amma hakikanin high art - yana da ba kawai dabara. Ba wani chore amma karamin sashi na Masters samu shiga gidajen tarihi da kuma samun lambobin yabo a duniya gasa. Chrysostom iya zama alfahari.

UK Gidajen tarihi da kuma Jamus suna alfahari da tarin daga karfe kayayyakin, wanda Ya halitta Zlatoust Masters. Mene ne sirrin da irin shahararsa? Gaskiyar cewa gida sassake Master dukkan dabaru na aiki tare da karfe, kuma wannan ke bi da notching, kuma browning da blackening, kuma pickling, da kuma electroplating, kuma taushirovanie. Domin wani lokaci a yanzu kara da dutse sassaƙa, saboda Ural duwatsu masu daraja aka samu da kyau sosai ciki. Dada engraving inlaid da na dutse, da sanya tare da dandano mai kyau da kuma bisa ga tsohon hadisai, su ne ko da yaushe a bukatar. Bugu da kari, tarihin engraving - shi ne labarin wani kullum gwamnatin art form. Tun lokacin da alfijir na yanzu lokaci da Ural Masters gushe ba koyi. Piggy dabaru na m karfe aiki da kuma ci gaba da girma a yau.

Ana zargin da sana'ar kamun kifaye

A 1754, a cikin Urals, a kwarin kogin Ai, Koli umurnin da na mallaka girman ya umarce prostroen ironworks factory. A garin, wanda ya yi girma a kusa, mai suna a cikin girmamawa St. Ioanna Zlatousta.

Don tsara samar a 1815 daga Jamus, da factory Solingen, aka gayyace kyau sassake - mahaifi da dansa Schaff, kuma bayan shekaru uku da Sarkin sarakuna ya iya ganin 'ya'yan itãcen marmari daga aikinsu - rukunin farko na goma sha tara ruwan wukake da aka kawo wa babban birnin kasar. Jobs so, kuma karbi mafi yabo.

Tare da Shafami kuma a karkashin kan shiryuwarsu, ƙware sabon samar talented Ural Masters. Su sunayen kasance a tarihi kamar yadda sunayen wadanda suka kafa wani style of art da aka sani da launi karfe engraving. Yana Efim da kuma Ivan Bushuyeva Maxim Fedor da Bitrus Telezhnikov, Arkhip cakes Fodor Strizhev, Ivan Boyarshinov da sauransu.

Schaff - mabiya tsohuwar Jamus hadisai. Su tabbaci san yadda za a duba cikakken engraving. Description of bukatun da misali, dã sun riƙe fiye da daya shafi. A wani m, da zane ya kamata yi kama mafi kyau misalai zolingenskih Masters - zama bakin ciki, lebur kuma monochrome. Schaff dogon lokaci bai ba da damar da na gida nema su aiwatar da ra'ayi. A alamu a farantin karfe da Jamusawa tõno a allura. A etching acid da aka yi amfani da kawai kamar yadda a karshe aiki mataki. Jamus kida ana halin high taurin kuma fineness. Figures samu sosai kananan da kuma wani elaborated. Batutuwa a daya mataki ko wani sake.

Jamusawa a kadaici a ƙauyen kuma bai nemi a rufe lamba tare da yan unguwa. Sun yi aiki lafiya, sun sada zumunci, amma aikin kiyaye can wuri mai nĩsa, kuma sosai m raba su ilmi.

Zlatoust engraving na cewa lokaci sauƙi recognizable for marubucin. Jawo sanya, a scabbard kuma Takobin. A Lines ne na bakin ciki, m, lafiya zane, da yawa na girmamawa a kan jawo qarin bayani.

Musamman Rasha style

Almajiran, fãce ga waɗanda Figures suka koya daga Schaffs, ya fara bayana labarun scenes daga soja da kuma zaman lafiya rai na ƙasarsa ta kasar, mythological batutuwa - su ba su ji tsoron nuna kwatanci a lõkacin da zabar gravornoy fasaha. Native yanayi da fauna daga cikin Urals ne ma aiwatuwa a cikin zane-zane. Rasha Masters zarce malamansu a hanyoyi masu yawa. Sun koya don amfani etching don samar da launi daban-daban da kuma tabarau. By sãɓãwar launukansa da abun da ke ciki na acid da kuma tsawon wata sinadaran dauki, suka samu sakamako. A hannuwansu, Zlatoust wukake juya a cikin na musamman ayyukan lafiya art, wanda ba ya jin kunyar ya zo da wata kyauta, har ma ga sarakuna.

Ivanko-Samara

Ana zargin wani musamman m style yawa ana hade da sunan Ivana Bushueva. Ya tashi a cikin iyali na gunsmiths. Ya yi karatu zanen a kasa. A cikin Urals, ya dade da aka tsunduma a steelmaking. A cikin Demidov shuke-shuke smelleded tama, dafa kansa Damascus karfe, sanya makamai. By lokacin abin da ya faru na Zlatoust shuka al'adar aiki tare da karfe aka daidai kafa. Ivan Bushuyev - cikin shahararrun sunan a Zlatoust. Ya ya wuce yarda talented da wuya-aiki. Ural master alaka ilmi da basira koya da 'yan'uwanmu da Jamusanci iri engraving. Ya kasance mai baiwa a kan wani ɓangare na ado. Kansa ƙirƙira ruwan wukake da kuma sa a kan su zane. Ayyukansa ana sa a cikin gidan makamai na Moscow Kremlin. Paul Bazhov immortalized da sunan master a cikin labari "Ivanko-Samara". Shahararren winged doki, wata alama ce Chrysostom - wani haraji da kuma girmamawa.

Ivan Bushuyev yana da matukar lafiya gabar gwargwado, daidai daidaita. Kan hanyarsa ne cikakken recognizable. Bushuevskie haruffa ba su canzawa, kamar Jamus. Its mutane, da dabbobi - rayuwar motsi. Yana da wani hadari alama Chrysostom - ne hanzari sunã gaggãwa zuwa cikin iska zinariya winged doki. A zana rubutu Ivan Bushueva sau da yawa ba dawakai. The juyawa na kai, da matsayi na jiki, kafafu, wutsiya, kunnuwa, ko da sauki domin sanin abin da dabba ji, ne wanda aka nuna da artist. Ashe, ba wani mala'ika ya jagoranci master hannun sa'ad da yake rike da allura tõno a varnish?

rashin tsoro gilding

Halittar kwafi Ivan Bushuyev kare ba lokaci kuma kokarin. Ya ko ƙirƙira nasa Hanyar zinariya kayan ado kayayyakin.

Jagora san da fasaha da kuma san yadda za a yi ruwan wukake a duk matakai, da suka fara da rabuwar tama. Yana da ya jagoranci fineness narkewa craft, ya ya iya ƙirƙira da karafa, tara da kuma varnishes for etching cakuda, kuma amma mafi yawan son Ivan art kwafi. Ya ƙirƙira labaru, kusantar da su a kan takarda, sa'an nan rage zuwa da ake so size, dafa abinci farantin karfe kuma sa a kan ta hoton. Shiri na samfurin da engraving ya mai da hankali polishing da varnishing. Sa'an nan wani mai-mika wutar ko wuka daina kai hare hare mai rufi da Layer na toka. Bugu da ari abu clamped a vise, kuma kusantar da hoto ciki. Idan duk abin da ya juya daga da kyau, da kuma labarin shige zuwa cikin kunkuntar sarari daga cikin samfurin, shi yiwuwa a fara mafi muhimmanci na aiki. Lalacewar da surface zachernonnuyu master juna tõno a allura, cire lacquer to karfe. Bayan da cewa dissolves zinariya a Mercury da kuma sanya a cikin wani kadan fata 'yar jakar. Engravable abu ne mai tsanani ga mai sosai high zafin jiki da kuma ja-zafi surface na wannan kore 'yar jakar taba. Mercury evaporates da ruwa zinariya Fused zuwa karfe. A sanyaya ruwa ko daina kai hare hare Bushuyev tsabtace daga lacquer. Wannan aiki ne ma sauki. shi ne ake kira etching. Dangane da acid abun da ke ciki a kan karfe zauna ya dafa daban-daban launi fiye da tushe karfe.

Mercury tururi saki a lokacin dumama, shi ne sosai cutarwa ga kiwon lafiya. 'Yan daga cikin sassake na zafi zinariya aka zaune har zuwa shekara arba'in. Ivan Bushuyev mutu a 1835. Ya kasance 37.

Famous ayyukansu

Zlatoust Masters ayyukan babban sha'awa ba kawai cikin sharuddan art, amma kuma kamar yadda tarihi takardun. Yana tsira biyu ruwan wukake sanya a farkon kwata na 19th karni. Kuma suka ƙulla dada zane-zane depicting matakai na aiki kafin bayyanar da batun. Wannan tama karafa da karfe smelting da kuma zaben 'yan wasa a wani mold da hammering, kuma engraving, da kuma ceto na sarki, da kuma gabatar da gwarzo. The ruwan wukake suna kama da juna. Ya tabbata cewa su aka yi Masters daya makaranta, amma wanda muka gani cherubic jariran, da kuma sauran - talakawa manya. Tsohon Zlatoust engraving - Tsoho, wanda shi ne mai daraja sosai da tsada, musamman idan ka yi la'akari da cewa a lokacin da mai gida yana rayayye aiki tare da zinariya, da azurfa, da duwatsu masu daraja. Domin da bukatun da sarauta iyali a nazarinsa na Zlatoust shuka a kai a kai da umarnin wani iri-iri abubuwa, ba kawai makamai. Grand Duke Alexander, magaji zuwa Rasha kursiyin, Ivan Bushuyev tare da wani rukuni na abokai sanya makamai kamar na da. Wannan musamman abu za a iya gani a daya daga cikin dakunan da gidan kayan gargajiya na gida Lore Chrysostom.

Pavel Petrovich Anosov

Engraving Chrysostom a matsayin kasa Rasha jama'a craft, bashin mai yawa ga ayyukan Pavla Petrovicha Anosova. Wannan mutumin yana da wani gagarumin tasiri ba kawai a kan ci gaba da kuma gabatarwa da musamman art, amma kuma a kan ci gaban karafa masana'antu na Urals. Talented mutane daga wani matalauci iyali a rayuwa ya yi da kansa aikin da kuma iyawa, ba tare da m patrons da kuma taimaka.

Pavel Anosov marayu da wuri, da kuma kakansa ya kan ilimi, wanda aiki a matsayin wata makaniki a Izhevsk da Votkinsk masana'antu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa, ya samu mai kyau da ilimi a St. Petersburg yar jam'iyyar kadet Corps, Pavel Petrovich tafi zuwa ga Zlatoust Mining District. Ya tafi 22-th shekara. An fara tare da mafi bai isa a kula ofishin, za ta hanyar duk matakai na aiki tsani, Anosov kai post Cif da dutsen shuke-shuke da Altai da Tomsk lardin gwamna. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 54 da daraja na gwamnan Tomsk. A lokacin da ba sosai tsawon rai, ya ya iya tada da kuma ci gaba da baƙin ƙarfe, da karfe masana'antu a cikin ƙasa wakkala a gare shi. Ya kasance karafa da injiniya da kuma sunadarai, karatu da yanayin da Urals da kuma sanya dama binciken a kan wuri na karkashin kasa da ma'adinai adibas.

A 1828, Pavel Petrovich Anosov, ya riga ya kai na Zlatoust Metallurgical Shuka, ya samu daga Mining ma'aikatar domin ci gaba karfe daga cikin manyan halaye ne ba na baya zuwa fi sani a lokacin da Damascus da kuma Bulat. Arhitrudnaya aiki, saboda asĩrinsu gabashin gunsmiths piously kiyaye su domin mutane da yawa ƙarni. Duk da haka, bayan bincike mai yawa da kuma experimentation, Paul Petrovich da takwarorinsa samu musamman nasara gami dabara wanda aka kara tabbata da shuka, da kuma a lokaci guda kuma dukan na Rasha. Rasha Bulat Anosova tafi zuwa ga samar da wukake.

Daga abin da suka aikata Paul Petrovich, za mu iya tuna da wadannan facts, characterizing shi a matsayin mai ban mamaki mutum da mai kyau mai shi.

• Anosov sanya haramcin da Mercury gilding, domin shi ne ainihin cutarwa ga kiwon lafiya, da kuma maye gurbin shi tare da Electroplated.
• Ya tsara inji zuwa sauƙaƙe aiki na ma'aikata.
• A lokacin da ya jagoranci na aiki na Zlatoust shuka a shekara samar biyu biya holidays - daya na biyu kafin Easter kuma a lokacin rani, lokacin girbi kakar.

• Pavel Petrovich sanya bude makarantu domin ma'aikata 'ya'yansu. Ya kafa abũbuwan amfãni a gare boys karkashin 12 da kuma 'yan mata - to 18.
• A nasa himma, da aikin a kan nazarin da kaddarorin karafa suka gudanar a wani tsanake, tare da rikodin na sakamakon bincike da gwaje-gwajen. Kafin shi, samar da karfe domin takuba wani al'amari na diraya da suka wuce a daga master don Master baki. Paul kansa Anosov rubuta kuma aka buga da dama amfanin karafa, ciki har da karfe hardening na bakin karfe da kuma samar da Damascus karfe.

Bulat yana da kyau a duk mutunta da kuma ba na baya zuwa mafi kyau duniya matsayin. Rike da wuka zaban ma'aikata sokin da yankan makamai, da gatura, rike da wuka da kuma farauta wukake daga shi har yanzu suna cikin batutuwa na high art. Su tsoho darajar wuce dubban daruruwan rubles. Moire ambaliya Damascus kyau kamar yadda daraja karfe. Anosova artists, ba su ma yi shi da zane-zane, kawai a kusa da tushe. M dada ado amfani a kan rike da scabbard.

A 1847, ya kawo karshen zamanin da P. P. Anosova. Ya tafi zuwa St. Petersburg da tarin rike da wuka, da farauta wukake, kwalaye, cutlery da iyawa inlaid tare da Semi-da duwatsu masu daraja daga cikin Urals, madubai da farantansa. Pavel Petrovich sa ran nuna wadannan abubuwa, da kuma manyan jami'an kasar don samun izni fadada samar, amma hanya kasance a cikin wani snow hadari. A wagon birgima a kan, abõkinsa niƙa tare da m kwalaye da kuma rufe da dusar ƙanƙara. Kuma suka zauna a 'yan kwanaki a rahama daga m abubuwa da babu begen samun ceto. A sakamakon haka, Anosov tsanani da rashin lafiya. Ya bai iya warke kuma ya mutu a cikin bazara na 1851.

Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov

Kusan shekaru 15 Zlatoust shuka zauna ba tare da da shugabanci nagari. A cikin tsakiyar 60s ga post na manajan nada Paul Matveyevich Obukhov. Ya gudanar kawo kamfanin daga rikicin. Pavel Matveevich ya daga wani iyali na hakar gwal. Ya samu wani aikin injiniya da ilimi a St. Petersburg Mining Institute, daga wanda ya sauke karatu tare da wani ya samu lambar zinariya, sa'an nan horar da a Jamus da kuma Belgium, a sakamakon samu mai kyau da dabarun sarrafa da kuma Oganeza. A Zlatoust, ya koma samar da tsari ya haifar da oda bar Anosov m kimiyya wasiyya da ya ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen da ya fara a kan doping. Pavlu Matveevichu ne aka yaba ga halittar simintin karfe. Yana maye gurbin da tagulla igwa, da kuma yanzu Zlatoust Metallurgical Shuka ya zama wani babban maroki bindigogi - bindigogi da kuma bindigogi.

Art nazarinsa ne ma ba rago. Idan Anosov a 'yan shekarun nan, yafi samar da damask karfe ruwan wukake, da Obukhov da kuma fadada ikon zuwa makamai ƙara babban kewayon iyali abubuwa - kwalaye, taba lokuta, farantansa, cutlery. Af, Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov danƙa wa kula da sha'anin ba kawai gane nasu ra'ayoyin domin kyautata, amma kuma ci gaba da kuma aiwatar da ra'ayoyin Pavla Petrovicha Anosova, kiyaye su a cikin records.

A Soviet lokaci

Bayan 1917, da Zlatoust shuka ci gaba da aiki. Yanzu sanyi karfe fara ado da juyin juya halin Musulunci al'amuran da hotuna na shugabannin jam'iyyar kwaminis. Sa mai ladabi classicism dauki m zamani. The girmamawa fara yi a kan batun na taro samar. Ina aka saka Hanyar setkografii. Marubucin style ne kusan tafi. Masu launin engraving ya girma a cikin size, kuma ya jũya zuwa bangarori. Zlatoust karfe kayayyakin sana'a a yi ado ganuwar jama'a cibiyoyin. New ga galvanic shaida na nickel fasaha ya canja bayan fitarwa Zlatoust engraving. Figures zama kasa bayyanannu, yaxuwa manyan girmamawa a kan play haske da launi. Yana da aka ba sosai engraving kamar yadda zanen.

Setkografiya damar, don samar da manyan batches na m bangarori. Artists aka canjawa wuri zuwa su reproductions na shahara zane-zane ta hanyar sanannun mawallafa. Babbar hotuna na Lenin da Stalin ƙawata facades na hukumomin gwamnati. Ga wasu lokaci, da m tunanin ya hanya zuwa inji aiki.

A shekarun 1960s ya farfado sha'awa cikin gargajiya da sana'o'i. Mun fara bude sana'a da kuma art makarantu. Engraving Chrysostom ya sami lokacinta ga sabon ci gaba. Sun digiri na makarantu samun ilimin-sassake artists wanda ya zo da ma'aikata da kuma a cikin nazarinsa wanda kerarre iyali abubuwa, su talanti. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, busa sunayen irin lafiya artists kamar yadda G. Bersenev A. Bogachev, NV Lohtachova, Averkin O. et al.

yanzu

Yau, wanda zai iya ji da ra'ayin cewa, a cikin shekaru da shekara ɗari na Zlatoust engraving matsayin irin na kasa Arts and Crafts sun rasa dacewar. Tare da wannan ba ka so yarda. Zlatoust engraving (da labarin daga cikin shahararrun kama kifi ya tabbatar da shi) lokacin da dukan lokaci ta zama ba, ne kullum canja. Da farko, an halin da laconic siffofi da kuma m images, gada daga cikin Jamusawa daga Solingen, sa'an nan da Rasha Masters kara gilding da sauran dekor fasahar, wadãtar da mãkirci. Bugu da ari, a cikin karni na 20th, engraving yarda da ra'ayin m art da kuma tunawa sabon zamani styles.

A farko da shekara ɗari sun bar mu 'yan sunayen shahararren artists. Su aiki za a iya samu a rubutun hannu - I. N. Bushuev fentin miniatures a kan theme camfin da kuma soja fadace-fadace. IP Boyarshinov kaunace aiki a kan farauta wukake. Ya kwarzana a kan su nemi al'amuran.

Kan gaba, shẽkara ɗari irin engraving a kan ƙarfe aka canza kamar yadda bambance bambancen da zamantakewa da rayuwa da kuma mutum bukatun. Abin da ake kira kitsch da kuma mabukaci kaya - wata halitta sakamakon nasarar juyin juya halin proletarian, wanda aka farke da kuma duk tabbas samar da kowa da kowa tare da duk abin da kuke bukata. Ke bi mai kauri da kuma socialization art ya kai ga gaskiya cewa ado bangaren na Zlatoust engraving fairly matalauta. A halin yanzu, ma'adanin na engraving a karfe sake komawa sautin na elitism. Fice Masters akwai, amma, kamar yadda a kullum, za ka iya count a daya hannun. A halin yanzu, high art ba zai iya mutuwa, amma shi ba zai iya tsaya har yanzu - shi zai zama ko da yaushe wani kiwo ƙasa domin gano talented mutane da kuma ga haifi sabon siffofin art.