Ƙayyade kayan abinci ta rukuni. Ƙayyade kayan samfur

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci masana'antu ne abinci, domin kowace rana jikin mutum na bukatar man fetur - a iri-iri na abinci a cikin halitta, kuma a sarrafa form. Systematize da streamline da terminology na dukan iri-iri na abinci da kayayyakin da ke sa su rarrabuwa.

Nau'in abinci: abin da yake da shi?

Domin su iya yadda ya kamata da kuma nagarta sosai nuna, sayar da kantin sayar da abinci, shi wajibi ne da farko don gudanar da rarrabuwa.

Nau'in abinci - mai ma'ana aiwatar da keta totality abinci a cikin kungiyoyin na bangarori daban-daban na generality, bisa ga wasu sharudda.

A kayayyaki Research da dama sukayi fassara da abinci, wato: ilimi, kasuwanci, misali, tattalin arziki da kuma kasashen waje cinikayya statistics. biyu na farko suna dauke su ya fi na kowa.

The darajar rarrabuwa na abinci

Nau'in abinci korarsu mahara manufofin, wato:

• taimaka sanya aiki da kai kan aiwatar da tattara da kuma sarrafa bayanai game da samfurin.
• sauƙaƙe bincike na mabukaci Properties na kayayyakin abinci, da samuwar da tsarin bukatun su abinci, lissafin kudi da kuma shiryawa da su yawa.
• taimaka wajen samar da ingantaccen hanyoyin da marufi, don tsara da kyau duka ajiya halaye da kuma harkokin sufuri na abinci.
• inganta m rarraba dukiya a kan ciniki bene, kuma a cikin sito.
• ƙirƙirar da dalilin takardar shaida kayayyakin abinci.
• sauƙaƙe ganewa na mabukaci bukatar for kayayyakin abinci.

Don tara bayani game da kayayyakin da su aiki ta amfani da daban-daban na kwamfuta kayan aiki. Nau'in software kayayyakin a kan tushen da ikon yinsa, na yin amfani hada da uku na asali Categories: tsarin software, aikace-aikace kunshe-kunshe da software. Mu'amala da dama bayanai ne alhakin aikace-aikace.

Bi da bi, da rarrabuwa na aiyuka software kayayyakin ne zuwa kashi da wadannan iri: rubutu Editocin da kuma sarrafawa, mai hoto Editocin, database gudanar da tsarin, maƙunsar. lissafin kudi tsarin, rubuta management system, kudi analysis tsarin da sauransu. Duk na sama software da ake amfani a gudanar da yawa kayayyakin abinci.

A rarrabuwa kayayyakin abinci nufi

Bisa ga makõma take dukan abinci ya kasu kashi hudu Categories:

1. Kayayyakin abinci ga taro amfani.
2. Medical-abin da ake ci da warkewa da kuma prophylactic kayayyakin.
3. Kaya yi nufi ga yaro abinci mai gina jiki.
4. Aikin abinci:

• garu abinci.
• wani physiologically aikin abinci sinadaran.
• Probiotic abinci.
• probiotics.
• prebiotics.
• synbiotics.

Nau'in halayen da babba matakan

Nau'in abinci da aka gudanar da babba matakan da ya fi na kowa siffofin.

Saboda haka, a kan tushen da asalin duk kayayyakin abinci ya kasu kashi hudu kungiyoyin:

• ganye kayayyakin (hatsi, kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, legumes, namomin kaza, da dai sauransu).
• kayayyakin na dabba asalin (nama, kifi, abincin teku, da dai sauransu).
• ma'adinai (sodium chloride).
• biosynthetic asalin (vinegar).

A kan tushen da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na abinci ya kasu kashi:

• gina jiki.
• carbohydrate.
• mai;
• ma'adinai.

Bisa mataki na aiki kayayyakin abinci ne:

• raw.
• Semi-ƙãre kayayyakin.
• shirye.

Hakika, wannan ba cikakken rarrabuwa na asali foodstuffs. Kowace kungiya kayayyakin abinci hierarchically kunshi karami kungiyoyin (jinsin, iri, cultivars, da dai sauransu) dangane da albarkatun kasa, formulations, samar da fasaha, da sauran unifying fasalin.

Koyo rarrabuwa kayayyakin abinci

Koyo rarrabuwa na abinci a cikin kungiyoyin amfani da Merchandizing domin gudanar da bincike na mabukaci kaddarorin da dukiya, da ka'idodin samuwar wadannan kaddarorin, kuma su kiyayewa. A cewar sama da rarrabuwa, duk abincin da abubuwa harhada cikin 9 kungiyoyin a kan tushen da na kowa asalin, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, da fasaha, da manufa da kuma ajiya fasali:

• masara-gari kayayyakin.
• 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu da samfurori da kuma fungi.
• sugar, zuma, sitaci da gidan burodi kayayyakin.
• edible fats.
• nama kayayyakin.
• kifi kayayyakin.
• kiwo kayayyakin.
• qwai da kwai kayayyakin.
• daɗin ci kayayyakin.

Educational rarrabuwa, shine su gano da kewayon dukiya, da kuma mafi muhimmanci alama ne da nada wani abinci samfurin.

Ciniki Nau'in kayayyakin abinci da kungiyoyin

Ciniki Nau'in abinci a kungiyoyin taimaka nagarta sosai sanya kaya a kan shelves da kuma shirya su m ajiya. A cewar wannan rarrabuwa, wadannan kungiyoyin na dukiya:

• gidan burodi kayayyakin.
• 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.
• kiwo da kuma man kayayyakin.
• confectionery.
• nama da nama kayayyakin.
• kifi da kifi kayayyakin.
• kwai kayayyakin.
• edible fats.
• m yanã shã.
• Wine da abubuwan sha.
• taba kayayyakin.

Grocers da sukar lamiri

A cinikayya, da rarrabuwa na abinci samar da matukar daidaituwa dukkan kayayyakin abinci a rumfarsa ta saida da sukar lamiri.

A category yana nufin rumfarsa ta saida gari, taliya, hatsi, sukari, gishiri, sitaci, yisti, shayi, kofi, da kayan yaji da kuma kayan lambu mai.

Gastronomic samfurin kungiyar qunshi shirye-da-ci kayayyakin, wato, sausages, nama da gwangwani kifi da nama, cuku, man shanu da sauran kiwo kayayyakin, giya da kuma taushi drinks, da wasu kayan yaji.

Cikin kewayon kayayyakin abinci

Kayayyakin abinci zai iya samar da wani sa na samfurin ko samfurin range. Rarrabe tsakanin kasuwanci da masana'antu assortments.

A cikin farko idan ware tsari na sha'anin (da nomenclature na dukiya, wanda aka sayar a cikin shagon) da kuma wani kewayon kayayyaki kungiyoyin (madara, nama, confectionery da sauransu. Kaya).

Industrial samfurin kewayon hada da kayayyakin da ake samar a shuka (iri-iri na kamfanoni) ko a cikin masana'antu kansu (kewayon masana'antu).

Nau'in kiwo kayayyakin

A zamanin da, lokacin da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na madara da aka ba tukuna sani, wannan samfurin da aka sau da yawa ake kira "farin jini" ko "ruwan 'ya'yan itace na rai". Kuma ba mamaki. Bayan duk, madara da aka dauke su mafi cikakken samfurin wadata, saboda da abun ciki na amino acid 20, fiye da 147 m acid da kuma lactose (madara da sukari), wanda shi ne lura da ɗakunan ajiya na bitamin, alama abubuwa, enzymes da kuma sauran gina jiki.

Nau'in lends kanta a matsayin madara da kanta, da kuma kayayyakin da suke da shi daga cikinta. A musamman kungiyar na kiwo kayayyakin, wanda su ne sakamakon lactic acid ko wani gauraye (lactic acid + barasa) madara fermentation.

Nau'in madara da madara kayayyakin

kiwo samfurin	definition
madara:
pasteurized	Sakamakon dumama madara zuwa da zazzabi na 74-76 0 C a lokacin 15-30 minti a cikin wani na musamman kayan aiki
haifuwa	Sakamakon dumama madara zuwa da zazzabi sama 100 0 C karkashin babban matsin for 2-10 seconds
narke	Result shiryawa da pasteurized madara a zazzabi na 85-99 0 C for akalla 3 hours a wani shãfe haske ganga
takaice	Danshin na dukan madara da Bugu da kari crystal sugar (12%) ko ba tare da
bushe	Results bisa al'ada bushewa da pasteurized madara ga mai lafiya foda
cream	A sakamakon rabuwa da kitsen sulusi da murabba'i na dukan madara
man shanu	samfurin rabuwa ko bulala cream daga saniya ta madara
cuku	A samfurin na madara clotting enzymes da lactic acid kwayoyin cuta ko dab daban-daban kiwo salts melter-
Milk kayayyakin:	Samfurin ripening pasteurized madara kwayan starters
clabber	Fermented madara kayayyakin, fermented pasteurized madara da gabatarwar m jinsi lactic streptococcus acidophilus da Lactobacillus bulgaricus a daban-daban rabbai
kefir	A samfurin da aka gauraye fermentation amfani kefir fungi. Shi yana da pronounced abin da ake ci da warkewa sakamako saboda da jari daga kwayoyin da abubuwa
kirim mai tsami	Samfurin ripening pasteurized cream ferment tsantsa al'adu na lactic streptococci
gida cuku	Samfurin souring na madara da kuma m kau na whey
acidophilus drinks	Samfurin ripening pasteurized madara da ferment na Lactobacillus acidophilus

Nau'in nama kayayyakin

Nama kayayyakin, kamar madara, an classified a matsayin kayayyakin na taro amfani. A nama a cikin manyan yawa ƙunshi dukkan muhimmanci amino acid a cikin wani rabo cewa mafi kyau ya gana da bukatun na jikin mutum. Shi ne babban tushen ga mutum bitamin B12, phosphorus, da baƙin ƙarfe, phospholipids da kuma sauran gina jiki.

Nau'in nama kayayyakin

nama samfurin	definition
Nama yanka na gona da dabbobi	Da naman sa, naman alade, naman doki, da sauransu.
dabba da-kayayyakin	Secondary hukuma kashe dabbobi (zuciya, koda, hanta, da harshenka, shugaban, da dai sauransu)
kaji	Nama da kaji, turkeys, ducks, geese, da dai sauransu
nama shirye-shirye	Yankin nama, yankin nama, ɗanɗana, kaza, naman sa yankin nama, meatball, minced nama, da dai sauransu, bukata m zafi magani
Nama dafuwa kayayyakin	Shirye-to-ci nama kayayyakin, wanda da hanyoyin daban-daban na zafi magani
Daskarewa shirye-sanya nama jita-jita	Nama kayayyakin sanya daga halitta ko yankakken nama da gefen tasa ko ba tare da, da na karshe sanyi
kyafaffen nama	Salted da zafi bi lumpy kayayyakin shirye su ci nama (naman alade, naman alade, naman alade, da dai sauransu)
Meats	Products na tsiran nama a cikin harsashi ko ba tare da (sausages, frankfurters, sausages, Pate, brawn, nama da dunƙule, da dai sauransu) wanda an hõre zafi magani ko fermentation da kuma shirye su ci
potted nama	A shãfe haske da haifuwa nama kayayyakin a hade tare da sauran abinci (kayan lambu, hatsi), ko kuma ba tare da

Nau'in da kayayyakin ga jariri abinci

jariri abinci - kayayyakin abinci da aka halitta daga high quality raw kayan for musamman girke-girke na yara daga farko kwanaki na rayuwa zuwa shekaru 14. Da abinci ga yara dole ne hadu duk physiological bukatun da girma kwayoyin, musamman, ya zama wani cikakken abun ciki sunadarai, carbohydrates da fats, bitamin, ma'adanai da kuma sauran gina jiki.

A cikakken rarrabuwa na baby abinci ne sosai m. Mafi na kowa alama a gare rarrabuwa - shi ne da shekaru da yara ga wanda kayayyakin abinci. A wannan dangane rarrabe abinci:

• ga jarirai (0 to shekaru 3);
• domin preschoolers (3 zuwa 6 years).
• ga makaranta-shekaru yara (6 zuwa shekaru 14).

Da abun ciki na samar da ruwa yara kayayyakin kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin:

• kayayyakin da low ruwa content (4-15%). Wadannan sun hada da hatsi, taliya, gari, niƙe madara.
• kayayyakin da wani babban ruwa content (60-90%). Wannan kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace puree, cuku, yogurt, nama bukukuwa.

Bisa ga digiri na nika kayayyakin baby kayayyakin abinci ne aka yi nufi:

• yara a cikin watannin farko na rayuwa (amfani homogenization na gina jiki a wani darajar da 150-200 microns).
• yara daga 6 zuwa 9 months (shafa tare da barbashi size daga sama zuwa 800 microns).
• yara 10 months zuwa 1.5 shekaru (shredding guda zuwa 2000 microns).
• ga yara shekaru 1.5 zuwa shekaru 3 (a la keken shanu).

Gwangwani baby abinci ne:

• daga shuke-shuke (juices, mashed kayan lambu da kuma gwangwani 'ya'yan itãcen).
• daga raw nama (naman sa, kaji, naman alade, hanta, zuciya, ciki da kuma harshe).

Dairy kayayyakin yara

A wuri na musamman a yara abinci daukan kiwo kayayyakin, saboda cewa shi ya sauya baby nono madara, yanã rũri, kuma an yi amfani da matsayin tafarkin. Dangane da manufar da rarrabuwa na kiwo kayayyakin yara ne kamar haka:

• Dry saba jariri dabara.
• bushe madara porridge.
• kiwo kayayyakin.

Samfurin hankali baby madara kayayyakin ne:

• bushe.
• ruwa.
• pasty.

Storage kayayyakin

All abinci da hali to deteriorate tare da lokaci. Don mika su shiryayye-rai na iya zama tare da taimakon kiyayewa. Don yin wannan, dole ne ka ƙirƙiri da wani yanayi na hana ci gaban da kwayoyin da kuma aiki na enzymes cewa sa spoilage.

A hanyoyin da tsare abinci ajiya rarrabuwa ne kamar haka:

• zafi magani (pasteurization, sterilization, misãlin, sanyaya, aikace-aikace na UHF igiyoyin).
• dehydration (sublimation, injin jam'iyya ko rana bushewa).
• canje-canje a cikin abun da ke ciki na matsakaici (salting, pickling, Marinating, ƙara sugar).
• da yin amfani da sinadarai (maganin rigakafi, magunguna iri iri, da kuma antioxidants).
• ionization radiation.

Ajiyar ba kawai qara shiryayye rayuwar abinci, amma kuma yana faɗaɗa su da iyaka, inganta dandano da kalori abun ciki ƙaruwa.