A tarihin kimiyyar lissafi: Chronology, lissafin kimiyya da binciken

Ko da yake tarihin kimiyyar lissafi matsayin mai zaman kanta kimiyya kawai ya fara a cikin XVII karni, ta asalin ne sosai zamanin da, a lokacin da mutane suka fara shirya farko da ilmi game da duniya a kusa da su. Har zamani sau da suka mallakar na halitta falsafa da kuma hada bayanai game da makanikai, ilmin taurari da kuma Physiology. The real tarihi na kimiyyar lissafi ya fara da godiya ga Galileo ta gwaje-gwajen da kuma almajiransa. Haka kuma an kafuwar horo aka kafa ta Newton.

A cikin XVIII da XIX karni, akwai key Concepts: .. Energy, taro, kwayoyin halitta, lokacinta, da dai sauransu a cikin XX karni ya bayyananniya gazawar gargajiya kimiyyar lissafi (kuma shi ya samo asali jimla kimiyyar lissafi, dangantakar ka'idar, ka'idar microparticles, da dai sauransu ...). Pure ilmi ne suna goyon bayan da a yau, kamar yadda har yanzu akwai da yawa warware matsalar al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma tambayoyi game da yanayin mu na duniya domin masu bincike, da dukan duniya.

tsufa

Mutane da yawa daga cikin arna addinai, a tarihin duniya dangane da ilmin bokanci da bokaye ilmi. Godiya zuwa ga lura da dare sama aka zama kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. A jari na astronomical ilmi ba amma shafi ci gaban ilmin lissafi. Duk da haka, a rubuce bayyana haddasawa na halitta mamaki iya ba tsoho. Firistoci dangana ga walƙiya, kuma hasken rana eclipses allahntaka fushi da cewa yana da kõme ba yi da kimiyya.

A daidai wannan lokaci, mun koyi don auna tsawon, nauyi da kuma kwana a Ancient Misira. Wannan ilmi ya zama dole ga gine-ginen a yi na alfarma da pyramids da kuma haikalin. Developing amfani makanikai. Strong a ta kasance Kaldiyawa. Suna kuma bisa laákari da astronomical ilmi, suka fara amfani da ranar don auna lokaci.

Ancient tarihin kasar Sin na kimiyyar lissafi ya fara a cikin VII karni BC. e. The tara kwarewa a cikin crafts da kuma yi aka hõre kimiyya analysis, da sakamakon wanda aka gabatar a cikin falsafa da rubuce-rubucen. Mafi shahara daga cikin marubucin yana dauke Mo-tzu, wanda ya rayu a karni na IV BC. e. Ya sanya farko ƙoƙari domin su kirkiro wani muhimman hakkokin dokar inertia. Ko sa'an nan, kasar Sin na farko ƙirƙira kamfas. Sun gano dokokin geometrical kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, da kuma san game da wanzuwar kamara obscura. A kasar Sin ya bayyana rudiments na music ka'idar da acoustics, wanda na dogon lokaci bai san West.

tsufa

Ancient tarihi na kimiyyar lissafi fi sani ga Greek masana falsafa. Su binciken da aka dogara ne a kan lissafi da kuma algebraic ilmi. Alal misali, Pythagoreans na farko ta bayyana cewa, yanayi ne batun da duniya dokokin na lissafi. Wannan abin kwaikwaya Helenawa gan a kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, ilmin taurari, music, makanikai da sauran tarbiyya.

A tarihin ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi iya wuya za a yi tunanin ba tare da ayyukan Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, Heron, kuma Lucretius. Da rubuce-rubucen sun tsira da mu sau a isasshe cikakke hanya. Greek masana falsafa suka sãɓã wa jũna, daga Sahaban daga wasu kasashe domin su bayyana cikin dokokin kimiyyar lissafi ba mythical Concepts, amma tsananin daga kimiyya ra'ayi. A daidai wannan lokaci da Helenawa akwai kuma babban kuskure. Wadannan sun hada da makanikai da Aristotle. A tarihin ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi a matsayin kimiyya gare yawa da Thinkers na Girka, idan kawai saboda su na halitta falsafa zauna a cikin akai na kasa da kasa kimiyya har da XVII karni.

The taimako na Iskandariya Helenawa

Demokrit atoms tsara ka'idar, bisa ga abin da duk gawawwakin an hada da kankanin barbashi kuma basa. Empedocles samarwa dokar kiyayewa al'amarin. Ya aza harsashin ginin Archimedes hydrostatics da makanikai, gabatar da ka'idar da lever, da kuma kirga girma da buoyancy daga cikin ruwa. Ya kasance marubucin da Kalmar "cibiyar nauyi".

Alexandria Greek Heron an dauki daya daga cikin mafi girma da injiniyoyi a tarihin dan Adam. Ya halicci wani tururi inji mai farfela takaita ilimi na elasticity kuma compressibility na iska gas. A tarihin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta godiya ga ci gaba Euclid, bincika ka'idar madubai da kuma dokokin bangaren.

Middle Ages

Bayan fall na Roman Empire zo durkushe tsoho wayewa. Mutane da yawa da dabarun da aka manta. Turai kusan shekara dubu, tsaya a cikin kimiyya ci gaba. Ibada na ilmi ya zama Kirista gidajen ibada, suka gudanar ya ci gaba da wasu daga cikin ayyukan da suka gabata. Duk da haka, ci gaban ragae saukar da coci da kanta. Ta yi biyayya da falsafar tauhidi rukunan. Manazarta suka yi kokarin wuce shi ayyana Litattafansu kuma mai tsanani azabtar da Inquisition.

Da wannan bango, da primacy na kimiyyar yanayin halitta ya wuce ga Musulmi. A tarihin fitowan da kimiyyar lissafi Larabawa hade da fassara a cikin harshen su da ayyuka na zamanin d Girkanci malamai. A kan tushen da su Thinkers na Gabas mun sanya wasu muhimmanci binciken nasu. Alal misali, Al Jazeera ya bayyana kirkiro na farko crankshaft.

Turai stagnation dade har zuwa Renaissance. A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai a cikin Tsohon World mun ƙirƙira tabarau da kuma bayanin asalin na bakan gizo. Jamus Falsafa XV karni Nikolay Kuzansky farko samarwa cewa sararin duniya marar iyaka, kuma ta haka ne ya wuce na zamaninsa. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata na Leonardo Vinci shi ne discoverer na sabon abu na capillarity da gogayya dokar. Ya kuma yi kokarin haifar da wani tutur motsi na'ura, amma ba yi da aiki, ya fara a ka'idar tabbatar da impracticability irin wannan aikin.

Renaissance

A 1543, Polish falakin Nikolay Kopernik buga wata babbar aikin ransa "A juyawa daga basamaniyai". A cikin wannan littafin na farko a cikin Kirista Old World ya yi wani yunkurin kare heliocentric model na duniya cewa duniya revolves a kusa da rãnã da ba sabanin haka ba, a matsayin coci ne ya kamata su dauki geocentric model na Talomi. Masana kimiyya da dama na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma samu da'awar zama babba, amma shi ne bayyanar da littafin "A juyawa daga basamaniyai" shine farkon na kimiyya da juyin juya halin, wanda aka bishi da zargin ba kawai zamani kimiyyar lissafi amma kuma na kimiyyar zamani a general.

Wani shahararren masanin kimiyya New lokaci Galileo Galiley kawo nesa kusa fi shahara firtsi (shi ma nasa ne da sabuwar dabara ma'aunin zafi da sanyio). Bugu da kari, ya tsara dokokin inertia da manufa na Dangantakar. Godiya ga binciken Galileo da aka haife gaba daya sabon makanikai. Ba tare da shi, da tarihi na binciken kimiyyar lissafi zai har yanzu stalled na dogon lokaci. Galileo, kamar da yawa daga cikin Sahaban, ne yadu tunani, da su yi tsayayya da matsa lamba na coci, na karshe kokarin kokarin kare tsohon tsari.

XVII karni

Tattara Hakika karuwa sha'awa cikin kimiyya, da kuma ci gaba a cikin XVII karni. Jamus injiniya da kuma lissafi Iogann Kepler shi ne discoverer daga cikin dokokin planetary motsi a cikin hasken rana tsarin (Kepler ta dokokin). Ya views ya kayyade a cikin littafinsa "New ilmin taurari", da aka buga a 1609. Kepler sãɓa wa Talomi, ya kammala da cewa taurari motsa a ellipses, ba da'ira, kamar yadda aka dauke a cikin tsufa. Wannan guda masanin kimiyyar ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. Ya bincika farsightedness da nearsightedness, ascertaining da physiological ayyuka na ido ruwan tabarau. Kepler gabatar da ra'ayi da na gani axis da kuma mayar da hankali, tsara ka'idar ruwan tabarau.

Faransa Rene Dekart halitta sabon kimiyya horo - nazari lissafi. Ya kuma nuna cewa, dokar refraction haske. Descartes 'babbar aiki shi ne littafin "Principles of Falsafa", da aka buga a shekarar 1644.

'Yan lissafin kimiyya da kuma su samu aka sani da Banasare Isaak Nyuton. A 1687 ya rubuta wani sauyi littafin "Ilmin Lissafi Principles of Natural Falsafa". A da shi da bincike bayyana dokar a duniya a gravitation da uku dokokin makanikai (kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin Newton dokokin). Wannan masanin kimiyyar yi aiki a kan ka'idar launi, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, na game da bambanci ilimin lissafi. A tarihin kimiyyar lissafi, da tarihi daga cikin dokokin makanikai - duk da wannan ne a hankali alaka Newton ta binciken.

sabon iyaka

XVIII karni kimiyya ya gabatar da yawa shahararren sunayen. Mafi shahararren daga gare su Leonhard Euler. Wannan Swiss injiniya da lissafi, rubuta fiye da 800 ayyuka a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma irin sassan kamar ilmin lissafi analysis, wani sarari suKe makanikai, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, music ka'idar, ballistics, da sauransu. D. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ya gane shi a matsayin ilimi, saboda abin da Euler gagarumin bangare na rayuwa a Rasha. Yana da wannan binciken qaddamar hikimar tantance makanikai.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa tarihin kimiyyar lissafi ya ɓullo da wani batu, kamar yadda muka sani, ba kawai saboda sana'a masana kimiyya, amma kuma masu bincike, masoya, mafi sani a cikin gaba daya daban-daban quality. A mafi daukan hankali misali na wannan kai sanar da shi American siyasa Benjamin Franklin. Ya ƙirƙira walƙiya sanda, ya yi babban taimako ga nazarin da wutar lantarki da kuma sanya wani zato game da gamuwa da sabon abu na magnetism.

A ƙarshen XVIII karni Italian Alessandro Volta halitta "voltaic tari". Ya firtsi ne na farko da wutar lantarki baturi a tarihin 'yan adam. Wannan karni kuma ga zargin wani Mercury ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, mahaliccin wanda ya Gabriel Fahrenheit. Wani haskaka daga firtsi tabbatar da sabuwar dabara na tururi engine, wanda ya faru a 1784. Shi ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa sabon hanyar samar da sake fasalin kudin da masana'antu.

aiyuka bude

Idan tarihin farkon kimiyyar lissafi wajen raya kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa kimiyya ya bayyana dalilin halitta mamaki, a cikin XIX karni halin da ake ciki ya canza muhimmanci. Yanzu tana da wani sabon aikina. Daga kimiyyar lissafi fara bukaci iko halitta sojojin. A wannan batun, ya zama mai saurin bunkasuwar ba kawai matukin jirgin, amma kuma amfani da kimiyyar lissafi. "Newton wutar lantarki" Andre Marie Ampere-gabatar da wani sabon ra'ayi na lantarki. A wannan yanki aiki Maykl Faradey. Ya gano sabon abu na electromagnetic shigar da, dokokin electrolysis, diamagnetism, kuma ya kasance marubucin wannan sharuddan, kamar yadda wani anode, a cathode, wani insulator, wani electrolyte, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, da sauransu. D.

Bunƙasa sabon rassan kimiyya. Thermodynamics, elasticity ka'idar, ilimin kididdiga makanikai, ilimin kididdiga kimiyyar lissafi, rediyo kimiyyar lissafi, elasticity ka'idar, seismology, meteorology - su duka samar da wani hoto daya daga cikin na zamani a duniya.

A cikin XIX karni akwai sabon kimiyya model da kuma kyama. Thomas Jung substantiated dokar kiyayewa da makamashi, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell samarwa kansa electromagnetic ka'idar. Rasha Dmitri sunadarai Mendeleev ya marubucin da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan dukan kimiyyar lissafi na lokaci-lokaci tebur na abubuwa. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni akwai lantarki da konewa engine. Sun zama 'ya'yan itãcen aiyuka Physics, daidaitacce warware wasu fasaha matsaloli.

sake tunani kimiyya

A XX karni da tarihi na kimiyyar lissafi, a takaice, ya koma da cewa mataki, a lokacin da rikicin riga da-kafa gargajiya msar tambayar model. Mazan kimiyya dabara fara muwafaka da sabon data. Alal misali, masu bincike sun gano cewa gudun haske ba ya dogara ne a kan alama unshakable firam na reference. A kan bi da bi daga cikin karni bude bukata cikakken bayani mamaki: electrons, radioactivity, X-haskoki.

Saboda da backlog na asirai faru bita na haihuwa gargajiya kimiyyar lissafi. A key aukuwa a gaba kimiyya da juyin juya halin da aka ma'ana ga ka'idar dangantakar. Its marubucin ya Albert Einstein farko povedyvavshy duniyar zurfi dangane da sararin samaniya da kuma lokaci. , Wani sabon reshe na msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi - jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Its samuwar ya samu halartar da dama duniya-mashahuri masana kimiyya: Maks plank, Maks Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Ehrenfest, da sauransu.

zamani kalubale

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XX tarihi na ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi, wanda Chronology ci gaba a yau, shi ya koma zuwa wani sabon mataki. Wannan lokaci alama heyday na nazarin sararin samaniya. Ya sanya wani mataki mai tsalle astrophysics. Akwai sarari nesa, interplanetary bincike na Extraterrestrial radiation gane. Yana fara wani cikakken nazari na jiki data na daban-daban jikin na hasken rana taurari. Tare da taimakon fasaha ta zamani, masana kimiyya ya gano exoplanets da sabon manyan malaman, ciki har da rediyo yawan taurari, quasars da pulsars.

Space ci gaba da zama fraught da yawa ta kasa warwaruwa riddles. Nazarin gravitational taguwar ruwa, duhu makamashi, duhu al'amari, accelerating fadada daga cikin duniya da tsarinta. Kuma ru da Big Bang Theory. A data cewa za a iya samu a karkashin terrestrial yanayi, disproportionately kananan idan aka kwatanta da adadin aiki na masana kimiyya a halittu.

Key fuskantar kalubale da kimiyyar lissafi a yau sun hada da dama da muhimman hakkokin kalubale: ci gaban da wani jimla version of a gravitational ka'idar, hakan na jimla makanikai, hada a cikin guda ka'idar dukan da aka sani sojojin na hulda, da search for "lafiya-kunna talikai", kazalika da daidai definition of duhu makamashi da kuma duhu sabon abu al'amarin.