Alexis de Tocqueville: manufar manufa jihar

Faransa zurfin tunani Alexis de Tocqueville aka haife Yuli 29, 1805 a birnin Paris, a wata daraja iyali. Mahaifin kakansa ya shahararren monarchist, kafin Yarjejeniyar kare Louis XVI , kuma ya mutu a lokacin da Mai girma juyin juya halin. The iyali yi dukan abin da Alexis samu wani ingancin m arts ilimi. A cikin matasa, qazanta a Versailles shari'a ofishin, ya taƙaice aikata dokar. Amma Tocqueville ta fiye da sha'awar da zamantakewa da siyasa Sphere, inda ya koma a farko damar tashi.

Da ra'ayoyi da zurfin tunani

Ba kamar kakansa da mahaifinsa, Alexis de Tocqueville, wanda biography ne wani misali da wani mutum duk rayuwarsa tare da amincewa lagging mulkin demokra akida, shi ya da nisa daga kasancewa monarchist. Ya manufar manufa jihar kafa ta saba da nan kadan gane ta Amurka a Turai.

A Amirka, Tocqueville ya a 1831. Ya tafi kasashen waje a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwanci tafiya, wanda ya ya bincika kurkuku tsarin na Amurka. Kamar yadda Alexis de Tocqueville, yana da shekaru da a Turai, dã mun kasance daban-daban, idan ta kasance ba wani misali na haske-ƙauna Amirkawa, Ina so in gano gaskiya dimokuradiyya tsohon Birtaniya mazauna.

A tafiya zuwa Amurka

A Amurka, da Faransa ya tafi tare da abokinka Gustave de Beaumont. Bisa teku, da suka ɓatar na dũkiya watanni tara. Duk da lokaci, da gwarazansa yi tafiya a kan daban-daban garuruwa, ya yi magana da gida kawo dukkan, ya] auki kwaikwayo game da rayuwa da na'urar da wani wanda ba a sani al'umma.

A 1831, shugaban kasar Amurka Endryu Dzhekson wani Democrat. Tocqueville yi sa'a - ya kasance a cikin wata kasa jurewa wata babbar tsari canji da kansu. By tarayya jam'iyya na goma sha uku jihohin shiga goma sha tukuna. Biyu daga gare su (Missouri da kuma Louisiana) sun zauna ga babban Kogin Mississippi. Faransa baƙo ya iya ganin ganin an da m mulkin mallaka na yammacin ƙasashen, wanda ya nema ya adventurers da sabon mahaifarsa.

A 1831, jama'ar {asar Amirka miliyan 13 da aka kuma ci gaba da girma cikin sauri. More kuma mafi mutane barin gabashin jihohin da su matsa zuwa West. Dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne ci gaban da tsarin jari-hujja. Eastern masana'antu yankuna sãɓã wa jũna matalauta aiki yanayin a cikin masana'antu, m rashin aikin yi da kuma gidaje matsaloli. Mafi yawan lokaci, Alexis de Tocqueville da a New England. Ya kuma ziyarci da Great Lakes, duba zuwa Canada, Tennessee, Ohio, New Orleans. A kasar Faransa ne a Washington, inda ya ya iya samun matsahi na saba da ka'idojin aikin gwamnatin tarayya.

Tocqueville hadu da suka saba da yawa m kuma sanannen Amirkawa: Endryu Dzheksonom, Albert Gallatenom, Dzhonom Kuinsi Adamsom, Tartsatsin wuta Jerid kuma Francis Lieber. Short tattaunawa a matsayin matafiyi ya tare da wakilan kowane sako na al'ummar jihar. Tocqueville da Beaumont tambayi Amirkawa m tambayoyi. Su haruffa zuwa abokai da dangi bayar da shawarar da cikakken shiri na tattaunawa.

"Democracy a Amurka"

Tocqueville ta tafiya zuwa Amurka ya haifa 'ya'yan - littafin "Democracy a Amurka." A rubuce-rubuce da aka wani rabo ba kawai a Faransa ba, amma cikin Turai. Ba da da ewa ya aka canjawa wuri zuwa wani dozin waje harsuna. Babban fice fasali na littafin ya zama wani m hali na marubucin wa magana, ya m da kuma zurfin ilmi daga cikin theme, kazalika da wani yawa na tattara na musamman kayan. Alexis de Tocqueville, "Democracy a Amurka," wanda ya ba su rasa ta munasaba a yau, godiya ga ta da aka wajaba a lasafta shi a cikin mafi kyau siyasa theorists na XIX karni.

A cikin littafinsa, marubucin idan aka kwatanta da tsarin siyasa na Amurka da kuma Faransa. A matsayin jama'a adadi da kuma a nan gaba memba na majalisar yana so ya canza wurin zuwa ga gida kasar da mafi kyau na American kwarewa. Dalili na dimokuradiyya Tocqueville gan a cikin hadisin na ha] e, wanda ya tsaya a asalin mazauna a New World. Babban amfani alummar Amurka, ya kuwa ɗauki daidaici da dama ga dukkan mutane a kasar.

A ra'ayi na manufa jihar

Bincike contrasted Faransa kasashen waje fiye da kima karkashin shugabancin tsakiya decentralization (zama wani m goyon bayan karshen). Shi ne da godiya ga ta, ya zaci zurfin tunani a Amurka ba da babbar birane, jahohi, da kuma wuce kima talauci ne daukan hankali. Daidai damar smoothed zamantakewa rikice-rikice da kuma taimaka wajen kauce wa juyin juya halin. Ina mamaki da abin Tocqueville contrasted America ba kawai France, amma kuma Rasha, wanda ya daukarsa a kagara autocracy m.

Jumhuriya wani alama na da manufa jihar, tunani Alexis de Tocqueville. "Democracy a Amurka", duk da haka, ba kawai yaba dimokuradiyya, amma kuma ya jaddada ta gazawa. Yana Tocqueville ya marubucin daga cikin shahararrun sanarwa "zaluncin masu rinjaye." Wannan magana marubucin m da oda a cikin abin da yana da wani taro na ikon iya yadda ya kamata amfani da shi, ko kuma ko da ya wakilta ya iko da kangarewa.

Faransa Falsafa zo ga ƙarshe cewa key to duk abubuwan da yanci ne 'yancin zabi da kuma doka da oda da ake bukata a farko wuri rage da kuma dauke da jihar. Ya kuma yana da sabanin kalamai. Saboda haka, Tocqueville yi imani da cewa a cikin al'umma akwai wani wuri daidai lashe art. "Democracy a Amurka" karanta Alexander Pushkin. Rasha mawãƙi ya warai burge ta da shi, kamar yadda ya ce a daya daga cikin haruffa Chaadaev.

A farkon ya harkar siyasa

Bayan da littafin da "Democracy a Amurka," Alexis de Tocqueville tafiya zuwa Ingila, inda ya littafi ne musamman rare. Marubuci jiran wani dumi maraba da karatu jama'a. A 1841, da Falsafa zama memba na Faransa Academy of Sciences. Ya aka kuma zabe, ko da yake matsayi a cikin House ba su sãɓã ba wani abu fice.

Ba tare da zama rare duk da siyasa hankali majalisar shugaba, Alexis de Tocqueville kusan bai je podium, amma yafi aiki a daban-daban kwamitocin. Ya ba na kowace jam'iyyar siyasa, ko da yake kullum zabe tare da hagu-reshe matsayi da kuma sau da yawa ya yi magana fitar da ra'ayin mazan jiya, firaministan kasar Fransua Gizo.

Alexis de Tocqueville a kai a kai soki gwamnati domin ta manufofin, ba bukatun kowane sako na al'umma. A cikin rare jawabai yan siyasa ce game da inevitability na juyin juya halin. Yana a zahiri ya faru a 1848. Ko da yake Tocqueville ya mai taimako kundin tsarin daular mulkinsu, ya gane da sabuwar jumhuriyar, la'akari da shi a cikin yanayi, kadai hanya zuwa tsare yancin walwala.

Ministan harkokin wajen Faransa

Bayan da 1848 da juyin juya halin, Alexis de Tocqueville an zabe shi a majalisar da aka kafa. Akwai ya shiga hannun dama da kuma fara fafitikar da Socialists. Musamman m zurfin tunani, kare hakkokin mallaka. Hare-hare a kan shi Socialists, Tocqueville yi ĩmãni, zai haifar da encroachment a kan 'yancin' yan kasa na kasar da kuma wuce kima fadada gwamnatin ayyuka. Tsoron despotism, shi ne a cikin ni'imar da iyakance shugaban ikon, da kafa wani bicameral majalisar dokokin kasar, da sauransu. D. Ban da wadannan bada shawarwari da aka ba aiwatar a yi.

A 1849, Alexis de Tocqueville, wanda biography, kamar yadda wani dan siyasa, sãɓã wa jũna transience, aka nada ministan harkokin waje a gwamnatin na Odilon Barrot. Babban aiki na diplomasiyya sashen shugaban gan a rike Faransa tasiri a kasashen Italiya. Kamar yadda a kan Apeninnskom sashin ƙare a cikin wani dogon aiwatar da samar guda jihar. A wannan batun, da rikici ya barke tsakanin cocin Katolika da kuma wadanda mutane hukumomi na sabon Italiya.

Alexis de Tocqueville, da ainihin ra'ayin shine kula da wani zaman kanta ikon Paparoma, kokarin cimma wani m ciki da sake fasalin a cikin Papal States. Don cimma wannan ya gaza, kamar yadda kawai 'yan watanni bayan da farkon na ministan harkokin waje na dukan hukuma Barrault murabus saboda wani siyasa kunya shafe shugaban kasar da wasika zuwa Ney.

Ƙarshe na zamantakewa

Disamba 2, 1851 a Faransa, akwai wani juyin mulki. Shugaba Louis Napoleon narkar da majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma samu kusan monarchical iko. A shekara daga baya, da jamhuriyar aka soke, kuma a maimakon ya sanar da kafa biyu Empire. Alexis de Tocqueville, rahotanni da wallafe wanda kawai ya yi gargadin na da hatsarin da irin wannan al'amarin, a cikin sahu na karshen fada da sabon tsarin gwamnati. Domin sava da hukumomi, yana kurkuku da Vincennes kurkuku. Ba da da ewa Tocqueville aka saki, amma shi karshe an tsãge ta daga siyasa aiki.

A marubuci amfani zargi shi lokaci kashe da kuma soma nazarin abubuwan tarihin da na babban juyin juya halin na karshen da XVIII karni. The juyin mulki a kan Disamba 2, tunãtar da shi na juyin mulki na 18 Brumaire, wanda a cikin sa da zarar cikakken iko ya Napoleon. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da zurfin tunani roba daidai ba ne a tsarin siyasa, a cikin abin da sauran su ji dadin siyasa da 'yanci na mutane samun daidai hakkokin, ciki har da zaben.

"The haihuwa domin da juyin juya halin"

Bayan shekaru da dama na aikin a 1856, Tocqueville buga na farko girma na littafin "Old gwamnatin Syria da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci", wanda ya zama a karshen na biyu mafi muhimmanci aiki (bayan "Democracy a Amurka"). A littafin ya zuwa kunshi sassa uku, amma mutuwa na marubuci tsaya a lokacin da aiki a kan na biyu daya.

Babban abu na binciken ya Tocqueville ta sirri 'yanci. Ya yi imani da ceto da kuma daidai manufa wadanda ba tsangwama a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Zurfin tunani ba ga mutane 'yanci ba tare da wadanda mutane da ilimi da kuma ilmantar da mutane. Ba tare da shi, kowane tsarin mulki cibiyoyin ba aiki, marubucin ya yi ĩmãni. Ya fili ga mai karatu a gano da inganci na wannan manufa a kan wani misali na sosai babban juyin juya halin a kasar Faransa ƙarshen XVIII karni.

Alexis de Tocqueville, wayo phrases da kuma wanda yanzu amfani a aikin jarida, da aikin jarida da kuma litattafan dauke tushen 'yanci da adalci dimokuradiyya. Kamar haka mutane ne mafi m ga na biyu fiye da na farko. Mutane da yawa lura Tocqueville, ne ko da shirye ya sadakar da 'yanci saboda daidaici. Tare da irin wannan halaye akwai yanayi na kafa despotism. Daidaitan iya ware mutane su ci son kai da kuma particularism. Duka wannan yana lura a cikin littafin, Alexis de Tocqueville.

Aiki "The haihuwa domin da juyin juya halin" kuma hada sharudda na jama'a sha'awar ga riba. Saba wa cinye mutane ne shirye ya ba da gwamnati da sabon ikon kawai saboda shi riƙe su zaman lafiya, domin da kuma al'ada rayuwa. Saboda haka da ikon jihar ya tsinkãyi zurfi a cikin al'umma, da yin wani mutum ƙasa da kai. Yana nufin wannan ne administrative karkashin shugabancin tsakiya, wanda eradicates karamar hukumar.

Zaluncin da talakawa

A theses na "Old gwamnatin Syria da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci," da aka ɓullo da riga ya fara a farkon littafin marubucin da ka'idar dimokuradiyya. Alexis de Tocqueville taƙaice amma abubuwan da bayyana ra'ayoyin, da yawa daga abin da kafa tushen zamani kimiyyar siyasa. A cikin sabon aikin da marubuci ya ci gaba da karatu da sabon abu na zaluncin da rinjaye. Yana da ake zama bayarda cewa idan jihar ya yi fada da wani yaki.

The dogon lokaci na zubar da jini, akwai wani hadarin da ya faru na shugaban, wanda ya yanke shawarar zuwa yi a kan kasar a hannuwansu. Saboda haka, misali, shi ne Napoleon. A wannan yaki-gajiya mutane gladly ba mai nema da matsayi na kasa shugaba duk da 'yancin a musayar wani wa'adin zaman lafiya da kuma nan gaba a duniya a enrichment. Saboda haka populist taken sun kasance kullum m, ko da yake ta haƙiƙa unfeasible.

Iyakar hanyar hana despotism - shi ne 'yancin kanta. Wannan shi ya kawo mutane tare raunana da son kai da kuma shan kayan bukatun. Mere da jam'iyyar Constitutional Democratic tsarin bai isa ba. Manufa jihar ya kamata a dogara ne a kan m decentralization na iko. Saboda haka, domin a manyan kasa da hanya mafi kyau don tsara wani Tarayya. Saboda haka yi tunani, Alexis de Tocqueville. Wannan mas'ala ta wani manufa jihar, ya deduced kan tarihi kurakurai da cewa a yarda ciki har da ƙasarsa ta Faransa, da kuma sauran kasashen duniya.

Amfanin decentralization

Kawai gida gwamnati ne iya ajiye mutane daga komai haqqinsa jagorancin da kuma samun su yi nasu siyasa ilimi. Manufa jihar ba zai iya yi ba tare da wani cikakken m kotuna da kuma iko na gwamnati a cikin hali na zagi. Wannan ma'aikata ne don samun dama da su kãfirta da dokokin da cewa sun saba wa kundin tsarin mulki da kuma 'yancin' yan kasa.

Alexis de Tocqueville, wanda da sauri tarwatsa quotes daga littattafai na Sahaban da zuriyarsu, kuma suka yi jihãdi ga 'yancin kafa kungiyoyi da kuma latsa. A lokaci guda tabbacin cewa jihar ba encroach a kan su ne ba cibiyoyi da al'adu da halaye na mutane. Idan mutane za su nemi 'yanci, shi ci gaba. A cikin hali na son rai ƙi na 'yan kasa da su' yancin ba zai taimake su ba kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Kada mu manta cewa wannan dokar yana da baya karshen. Cibiyoyi shafi a hankali a hankali samuwar halaye da kuma al'adu.

Muhimmancin kerawa Tocqueville

Kokarin gane yadda za a rubuta a littafin da kuma yadda za a yi rahoto, Alexis de Tocqueville zo na gaba bayani. A samfurin of America, ya bayyana a cikin daki-daki, yadda teku da aka sanya yiwu dimokuradiyya da cewa gaskiya da gudummawar. The aiki na Faransa bincike mayar da hankali a kan dalilan da gazawar da} o} arin kafa da kuma karfafa yancin walwala.

A tsohon tsari, Alexis de Tocqueville kira daukar hoto tsarin cewa rinjãya a kasarsa a cikin XVIII karni a mahaɗar tsakãninsu haihuwa na mulkin gargajiya al'umma da kuma sarauta absolutism. The gwamnatin riƙe da rabo daga al'umma a cikin azuzuwan, ganin a da shi wani lamuni na nasu aminci. The yawan aka demarcated cikin duwatsu, wanda mambobin ayan hankali ware wani daga cikin sauran yadudduka. A manomi ba ya kama da wani gari mazauni, da kuma m, a cikin mutum mallaki gidaje. Sannu a hankali da dimokuradiyya da ci gaban tattalin arziki sun kawo ƙarshen shi. A juyin juya halin halakar da tsohon tsari, kafa wani sabon - gina kan daidaito tsakanin mutane.

Sha'awa, da aiki da aka gane da Sahaban Tocqueville farko tsaka tsaki littafin game da abubuwan da suka faru a karshen da XVIII karni a Faransa. Kafin shi, masana tarihi sun buga karatu, kare daya gefen, ko wani daga cikin sauyi rikici.

Daidai saboda wannan bambanci ne samfurin na Alexis de Tocqueville, kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa duk abin da ya wallafe sanã'anta da amincewa da zuriyarsa, da kuma kiyaye su a cikin tarihi memory. Ya aka ba ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ayyuka na monarchists da kuma magoya bayan na jamhuriyar - yana so ya sami gaskiya, bisa facts. Tocqueville ya mutu a kan Afrilu 16, 1859 a Cannes. Gudunmawarsa ga kimiyya da kuma jama'a da aka kimanta edition da cikakken ayyukansu, sau da yawa msa ƙarin reprints.