Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov: biography (photo)

A kasar mu da kuma a duniya ne da aka sani da sunan cosmonaut Leonov. Alexei Leonov farko a matsanancin sarari sanya wani video yin fim, da barin kumbon sama jannati. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu nuna maka yadda shi ya kasance da kuma dalilin da ya sa aka bayar da suna Hero na Tarayyar Soviet ga aiwatar da irin wannan alama mai sauki isa aiki. Har ila yau bayyana dalilin da ya sa, domin wannan manufa Sergey Korolov zaba shi. Biography Alekseya Leonova - shi ne rabo da wani talakawa Soviet mutumin da ya fi talakawa iyali.

yara

Alexei Leonov aka haife shi a 1934 a cikin Siberian kauyen Listvyanka, wanda aka located a cikin Kemerovo yankin. Manyan iyali a cikin abin da ya kasance na takwas yaro, tsunduma a baƙauye aiki. The mahaifinsa, wani dogo lantarki daga Donbass, bayan da yakin basasa, ya koma Siberia ga mahaifinsa, kakan nan gaba sama jannati, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin dabbobi gwani. Uwar zauna a wadannan wuraren kafin. Alekseya Leonova kakan aka fitar da su wadannan wurare don su sa hannu a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci events na 1905.

Uba na nan gaba cosmonaut Arhip Leonov, fasaha mutumin da wuya ma'aikacin, ya lashe girmamawa daga cikin kauyukan da aka zabe shugaban kauyen majalisa. A kalaman na danniya ba bypassed da kuma iyali. Uba a 1936 zuwa danniya, amma a shekara ta 1939, ya mayar da hakkin da cikakken wajaba a kansa.

Game da iyayentaka iyali da kuma yaranta Alexei kadan ne da aka sani. Da fatan, zai bar wani cikakken littafin memoirs.

A shekara ta 1938, Alexei mahaifiyar koma Kemerovo. Akwai, a lokacin da girma, ya tafi makaranta. Farko a aji na da shekaru tara.

A shekara ta 1948 da iyali koma m wurin zama a cikin sabon, yammacin yankin na Tarayyar Soviet. Kaliningrad ya garinsu domin Alekseya Arhipovicha. Tam da iyalinsa live yau. A daya daga cikin murabba'ai a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare na birnin ne da wani abin tunawa a cikin girmamawa binciken sararin samaniya. Yana fãra daga titi, saka sunan cosmonaut Leonov.

Zama - saman soja matukin jirgi

Interest a cikin akwati lotnomu Alexei Leonov bai bayyana kwatsam. Da mazan ɗan'uwansa, Peter Arkhipovich, wani toolmaker, mai girma gwani a cikin filin. Ya yarda shared ya ilmi da Alesha.

Bayan fasahar Alexei Arkhipovich sha'awar wasanni. Ya aka tsunduma a wasan zorro, hawan keke, mashin da guje guje. Yana yana jini. Sha'awarsa a zanen ci gaba a cikin wani babban iyawa.

Kaliningrad, da kaina saba da Alekseem Arhipovichem, tuna cewa ya kasance mai girma Guy - m, mai kira, gaisuwa da kuma irin.

A farko Airfield ilimi Alexei Leonov samu a Kremenchug, a jirgin makaranta. Sa'an nan, ya yi karatu a Higher School Chuguyivske jirgin saman soja pilot, bayan da, a cikin marigayi hamsin, ya tashi a kan fama da jirgin sama.

Na farko rukuni na cosmonauts

Sergei Korolev sosai a hankali zabi 'yan takara don tashi a cikin sarari. A waƙa rikodin Alekseya Leonova Baya ga kyau kwarai halaye na wurin sabis da kyau kwarai mai kira horo ya kasance mafi kuma saukowa faɗa jirgin sama MiG-15bis a matsananci yanayi tare da engine stalled. A farkon sittin aka kwantar da farko, Gagarin, cosmonaut kungiyar soja, wanda kunshi ashirin mutane.

By spacewalk Alexei Leonov aka shirya daidai. Bugu da kari ga tawagar na cosmonauts sun sauran, daidai da cancantar 'yan takara. Wannan Valery Bykovsky da Pavel Popovich, da kuma Victor Gorbatenko, kuma Vladimir Komarov, da kuma Ivan Anikeev, da sauransu. A total na 20 mutane. A zahiri, kowane daga cikinsu na iya jimre wa wani abunda aka kwaikwaya halin da ake ciki. S. P. Korolov opted ga Alexei Arkhipovich a matsayin mutum wanda zai iya mafi daidai bayyana ra'ayi na sarari. Kuma shi ya yi.

Duk da cewa shirye-shirye domin spacewalk akai-akai da kuma sosai aiki a kan a ƙasa, duk don samar da shi ya tabbatar ba zai yiwu ba.

Training ya faru a musamman da bẽnãye, inda abunda aka kwaikwaya weightlessness. A daidai da ilimin halittàr jiki da mutum fihirisa, kazalika da shan la'akari da iska matsa lamba a cikin kwat da wando da kuma tsammani na yanayi yanayi kara an gina dabam a karkashin kowane jannati.

Daidai canzawa dukkan yanayi sabon abu ga mazaunan duniya, yanayi a awon yanayi ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda wannan dalili, da farko 'yan saman jannati aka fallasa zuwa babban hadarin.

Da gaskiya game da jirgin - mai taboo ga 'yan kasa da Tarayyar Soviet

Fita Leonov a bude sarari za a iya gani a cikin shirin, wanda ya hada da, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa dauka su zuwa kamara. Ga alama sosai m hoto fentin da shi. Wannan shi ne ainihin kamanni na jirgin, da kuma na gaba, a cikin kwat da wando, Alexei Leonov. hoto hoto gabatar a wannan labarin. Dole ne in ce cewa a Soviet sau ganin wannan zanen iya kawai zaži. Kananan jirgin size idan aka kwatanta da ta biyu da fasinjoji duba ba kawai ban sha'awa. Suna tilasta dubi sarari farko, a matsayin mutane babban ƙarfin hali.

Details na wannan taron a Soviet sau aka kiyaye asirin. The yawan dã ba mu kasance sane da auna daidai ko kurakurai na kasa kimiyya da fasaha ajizanci.

A zanen, wanda ya siffanta Alexei Leonov, na farko sarari mutum ne a free jirgin, a fili take: jirgin ta girma ne don haka kananan cewa shi zai iya kawai shige mutane biyu. Babu free sarari. Haka shi ne, dangane da manufofin kafa ga 'yan saman jannati da kuma lokacin da suke a cikin jirgin, da kuma bai zama tilas.

A farko jirgin, photographing

A shekarar 1965, Tarayyar Soviet sararin "Voskhod-2" sa wani jirgin a kusa da Duniya. Babban manufar ya gwada yiwuwa na mutum da kuma na'urorin halitta a ƙasa don gudanar da wani aiki a wani wuri. The ƙungiya - Pavel Belyayev kuma Alexei Leonov.

Shekaru uku preflight shiri, da kuma kawai 1 rana, 2 hours, 2 minti da 17 seconds na jirgin, da kuma lokacin da a bude sarari - 23 minutes da kuma 41 seconds. Spacewalk Alekseya Leonova aka tare da wani distancing daga jirgin a 5,35 mita. Yana dade 12 minutes da 9 da dakika. The sama jannatin da aka haɗa a waya jirgin, sanye take da ƙugiya da madauki. hooks Perestogivanie taimaka wajen kusanci ko motsa daga kumbon sama jannati zuwa da ake so tsawon.

Babban aiki, wanda ya aiwatar da Alexei Leonov a sarari - An daukar hoton da kamarar bidiyo da kuma mikrofotoapparat. Video daga daidai ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda ya yiwu a karkashin sa'an nan jihar na art. Amma dauki hotuna tare da mikrofotoapparata, housed a cikin wani kankanin, girman maɓalli, bude kwat da wando, ya kasa. Saboda da nakasawa da jannati kwat da wando iya ba karba na USB, yi da ayyuka na kyamara mashiga, kuma pneumatic punching jakar, wanda aka saka a kan ajalinsa, ya zo a kashe a lokacin da mafita daga ƙofa. Ta kama a kan manhole murfin.

A suddenness na spacesuit

Spacesuit Alexei ya ba quite cikakke. Yana da aka gwada a iyakar yiwu bambanci tsakanin waje da ciki matsa lamba, wanda za a iya abunda aka kwaikwaya a duniya. Ta kasance ma nisa daga abin da faruwa a cikin sarari. A matsa lamba a cikin kwat da wando - 600 mm Hg. shafi waje - 9 mm. A sakamakon haka, shi ya ballooned. Ashe, ba tsira da ƙarfafa hakarkarinsa da madauri. Hannuwansu da ƙafãfunsu suke ba don samun zuwa karshen hannayen riga da pant kafafu. Kwat da wando ya zama unmanageable kwantena, wanda ya sanya hannu a m mutane. Pavel Belyayev, shugaban ga abin da za a tare da kwat da wando Leonova, amma ba zai iya taimaka wani abu. Alexei Arkhipovich kiyasta cewa game da sa'a daya, ya numfasawa tsarki oxygen da kuma nitrogen, wanda shi ne yanzu a cikin numfashi gas a kan wani jirgin ruwan, wannan lokaci ya kamata a tsabtace daga jini. Ya yanke shawarar canja matsa lamba a cikin spacesuit. An haramta wa'azi, amma abin da kuma ya ba su gani ba. Idan nitrogen ya zauna a cikin jini, zai yi Boiled, da kuma cewa nufi mutuwa. Nitrogen da aka ba, da kuma Alex Arkhipovich, kamawa da kuma otstogivaya igiya hooks, sanya shi zuwa ga ƙõfa.

Wasan akrobat a airlock

Girman airlock ƙyanƙyashe ya kasa da ake bukata girma ga sama jannati, wanda kafada nisa uniform a matsanancin -. 68 cm Kamar yadda kofa da aka bude ciki, da kuma ƙofa diamita - 1 m, ba shi yiwuwa ya juya a cikinsa. Alexei Arkhipovich don shige a kuma rufe batten saukar da hatches, ya wajaba to ko dai rage girman da ƙyanƙyashe cover ko rage lodgement. Kawai kara girman da jirgin ya ba zai yiwu. Domin adana daga cikin ciki ƙofa size ya kansa Alexei Leonov. Samun sarari da sama da jirgin, mafi m jerin matakai a hankali calibrate da akai-akai aikata a kan simulators. Amma nazarin da karatu, amma gaskiyar bai stinted a kan surprises.

Cosmonaut shiga rufin rana saukar, kamar yadda da shawarar more ergonomic da kuma shugaban. Don batten saukar da ƙyanƙyashe da ake bukata a tura jiki 180 digiri. The aiki a cikin ra'ayi na size da tightness jannati arhitrudnaya ƙofa. Alexei Arkhipovich daga baya ya tuna cewa bugun jini kudi da karshen wannan wasan akrobat ya 200 lashe minti daya, da kuma gumi a cikin idanunsa kwari rafi. Yanzu, ya kamata mu rarrabe ƙofa, kuma ba za ka iya komawa gida don Duniya. Amma ya juya waje cewa jin daɗi.

Bayan rabuwa da airlock jirgin fara juya a kusa da axis, da kuma matsa lamba a cikin fara girma. 'Yan saman jannati iya kawai dubi kida. Dakatar da tsari da aka ba zai yiwu ba. Su rage zafin jiki da kuma zafi a kan jirgin. Matsa lamba na ci gaba da girma. 'Yar alamar walƙiya - kuma tare da jirgin zai a cikin ƙaho zuwa kwayoyin. A wani matsayi, Alexei Leonov da Pavel Belyaev katse - ko dai sume, ko barci. Daga baya, a lokacin da karanta da kayan zane-zane, shi ya juya daga cewa matsa lamba a cikin abin hawa maimakon na 160 atmospheres kai alamar 920 mm Hg, bayan wanda ta zama spontaneously raguwa.

Gaskiyar cewa jirgin da aka game da sa'a guda yana a tsaye matsayi ko maras kyau. Daya gefen shi zuwa +150 digiri Celsius zafi sama da rana, da kuma sauran ne a inuwa, sanyaya zuwa -140 digiri. A sakamakon haka, da jirgin ya rufaffiyar yayyo. Aiki da ya yi aiki a cikin yanayin diyya na yayyo na oxygen. A karshen, da matsa lamba da ya zama haka high cewa pinned ciki da ƙyanƙyashe. Sealing gano da kuma kida samu a harkar siginar jinni haddi matsa lamba. A jet na iska daga waje daga cikin jirgin ta gefe ya ba da shi a rotational motsi.

Yana da aka dakatar da juyawa, kamar yadda suka faɗa, a al'amari na dabara, wancan mai sauki ne. Gaba daya akwai karin aiki - saukowa.

zaman kansa saukowa

An yi imani da cewa Take-kashe da kuma saukowa - mafi hadaddun matakai a gudanar da kumbon sama jannati. "Voskhod-2" zauna a cikin manual yanayin. Maimakon shirya batu a Kustanai ya fada cikin rabin mita snow muffled da Ural taiga kilomita 200 daga Perm. Tarihi ceto Sinawan da 'yan saman jannati daga taiga bauta cancanci a raba babi. Alexei Leonov da Pavel Belyaev ciyar dare biyu, a nade a cikin fata, flayed daga ciki surface daga cikin jirgin, warmed da wuta, da kuma Alexei Arkhipovich yin motsa jiki, ja a kan madauri na laima, a jingina zuwa ga na fi pines. Abinci da suka yi - daskare-bushe nama, cakulan, biscuits da cuku da ceri ruwan 'ya'yan itace.

Da zarar 'yan saman jannati samu, kuma shi ne hudu sa'o'i bayan touchdown (wannan ya taimaka da haske orange alfarwa kilometer laima jirgin wanda ya ga mazauna kusa ƙauyuka), suka jefa dumi tufafi da abinci, amma don samun zuwa matukan jirgin, ma'aikatan ceto iya ba. Domin fitarwa da shirya wani wuri zuwa kasa da helikofta. Loggers birged zo tare da chainsaws da kuma barrantar share.

Idol da ĩmãni

Alexei Leonov ce Sergey Pavlovich Korolov, da zanen na Soviet sarari jirãge, mahaliccin da sarari masana'antu a kimiyya da kuma masana'antu, da cynic, pessimist da son ranmu ba, kai rayuwa yanzu da kuma nan gaba ne kawai wata damuwa daya ga 'yan saman jannati ya fiye uba. Ya ya zama allahnsu.

Ba dole ne a ce cewa Soviet kumbon sama jannati cikin sharuddan AMINCI da tsaro sun muhimmanci m ga fafatawa a gasa, 'jiragen ruwa - Amurka. Tun da kasar mu ta fara na nazarin sararin samaniya a lokacin horar flights da kuma rasa biyar 'yan saman jannati, yayin da Amurkawa binne 17' yan saman jannati. Dalilin mu bala'in - abin da ake kira mutum factor. Technology bai kasa ko da sau daya.

Valentin Bondarenko mutu a lokacin da gwaje-gwaje a kan m kwanciyar hankali a karkashin yanayi na Kadaitaccen zama. Haka ya faru a Cibiyar Aerospace Medicine a wuta a wani hyperbaric jam'iyya. Vladimir Komarov aka kashe a lokacin da dasa - laima bai buɗe ba. Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov kuma Viktor Patsaev kashe depressurization na jirgin a lokacin da dasa.

rasa jirgin

Na biyu jirgin Alekseya Leonova ya da za a gudanar a watan Yuni shekarar 1961. The ƙungiya kunshi uku 'yan saman jannati - Alekseya Leonova, Valery Kubasova da Bitrus Kolodin. Jim kadan kafin a shirya kwanan watan farawa daga likita kwamitin samu Valery kadan dimming a cikin huhu. An yanke shawarar aika madadin ma'aikatan jirgin. Ga tsohon, shi ne wata bala'i: Bitrus taba tashi a sararin samaniya, da kuma ga tsayawar-ins - a sa'a hutu. jirgin shirin da aka yi brilliantly. A lokacin sake shigarwa faru matsala. 'Yan saman jannati kuskure bude sealing bawul.

The jirgin sanya wani m saukowa a shirya wuri, amma ba zai iya ajiye mutane. Yana da aka Viktor Patsaev, Vladislav Volkov da Georgy Dobrovolsky.

na biyu jirgin

Aleksei Leonov a sarari ya kasance wani biyu. A farko jirgin ya faru a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1965. A bude sarari Alexei Leonov fita sau daya. Ya kima - a sarari to rayuwa da kuma aiki.

A karo na biyu da ya ziyarci can a watan Yuli 1976. Aiki a sarari suKe tsawon kwanaki 5, 22 hours, 30 minutes da 51 seconds. Yana da aka kasa da kasa aiki. Manufar - Tashar sarrafa kayayyaki da kuma kimiyya da gwaje gwajen kimiyya. Tafo a sarari Soviet "Soyuz-19" tare da Alexei Leonov da Valeriem Kubasovym da American "Apollo" tare da 'yan saman jannati uku - Thomas Stafford, Donald Slayton da Vance Brand.

fenta ta iyawa

Godiya ga m iyawa na sama jannati dukan Adam iya koyon yadda duniya kama a waje da yanayin duniya, saboda a lokacin da hotuna da aka samar a sarari, kawai a baki da fari. Har yanzu, sarari da aka photographing wani rikitaccen. Wannan shi ne saboda wasu fiye da a kan Duniya ga wani ƙuduri kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, wani irin yaduwar da haske haskoki, wani refraction.

The musamman da suka bambanta da artist Alekseya Leonova a cewa ya kasance a kan canvases tare da daidaici injiniya juyar da fasaha fasali na sarari fasahar da jannati kwat da wando. A kaifi look na zane-zane m abin da launuka ne ba a bakan na cosmic shimfidar.

Alexei Arkhipovich halarci halittar kudin sufurin kan sarki a kan jigo na sarari. A kowane daga cikinsu - da yanzu da kuma nan gaba na nazarin sararin samaniya. Su ne sosai ban sha'awa to la'akari. Take a look at cikin photo. Alekseya Leonova za a iya dauke da wani mai neman na hakika, iya hango ko hasashen nan gaba, saboda abin da ya wakilta, ya ba tukuna a cikin wadanda shekaru.

Rayuwa a Duniya

Alexei Arkhipovich sau biyu ya tashi a cikin sarari. Ya aka bayar biyu taurari na Hero na Tarayyar Soviet, da Order of Lenin da Red Star da lambar yabo na kasar mu da kuma kasashen waje, ya ne digirorin girmamawa jama'a na talatin Rasha da kuma kasashen waje birane.

A Lunar bakin dutse mai suna bayan shi, kazalika da duniyar tamu na ƙungiyar taurari Libra.

Alexei Leonov, Manjo Janar sufurin jiragen sama ajiye, ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga halittu. Ya sauke karatu daga Air Force Engineering Academy. N. E. Zhukovskogo, ciki har da postgraduate. Alexei Arkhipovich dogon lokaci tsunduma a cikin horo da 'yan saman jannati da kuma sarari kayan aiki zane. Ya rike da bincike a fannin hangen nesa ji daga launi da haske halaye bayan sarari jirgin, sarari da kuma lokaci tsinkaye a sarari, da m matsaloli na interplanetary jirgin, kazalika da sauran kimiyya da kuma gwaji aiki.

Shi ne aure kuma yana da 'ya guda biyu jikoki.

A farkon na uku Millennium

A halin yanzu, cosmonaut Leonov Aleksey Arhipovich zaune a Moscow. A baya, a 2014, shekarar da Rasha Federation Shugaba Vladimir Putin bayar da shi cikin Order "Ga yabo» III digiri. Kuma haka dai aka alama da ranar tunawa da octogenarian jannati, wanda duk rayuwarsa mai yawa hayayyafa aiki ga mai kyau na mahaifarsa. Ya zai gushe a cikin memory matsayin mutumin da ya yi da wata babbar gudummawa ga nazarin sararin samaniya da kuma kimiyya, da kuma matsayin artist, don nuna mutane cikin duniya waje cikin yanayin duniya. Mutuntakarsa, da misali daga wanda yake zai yiwu da kuma zama dole, don ilmantar da ƙaramin tsara - shi ne haƙĩƙa Alexei Leonov. Tarihinsa ne wuce yarda da ban sha'awa. Its almara sarari za a iya samu a cikin littafin A. S. Eliseeva "Life - maniyyi a cikin teku." A shi ne ma da dama Documentaries yin fim.