Faransa juyin juya halin: darajar da haddasawa, babban events, sakamakon

A 18th karni da aka dauke su karni na Faransa juyin juya halin. A kifar da daular mulkinsu, da juyin juya halin Musulunci da kuma motsi m misalai na ta'addanci rufe har da na jini events na 1917 Oktoba juyin juya halin a keta. Faransa fi son zama shiru a kunya da kuma a kowace hanya don romanticize wannan lokaci na tarihi. The darajar Faransa juyin juya halin ba za a iya overestimated. A daukan hankali misali na yadda mafi mashaya jini da kuma mummunan dabba, disguising kanta a cikin tufafin 'yanci, daidaito da kuma fraternity, a shirye su nutse su fangs cikin kowa, da kuma sunansa - juyin juya halin.

Bango na farkon juyin juya halin: zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da rikicin siyasa

Hau gadon sarautar, a 1774, Louis XVI ya nada Robert Turgot Janar Finance Controller, amma mai fadi da kewayon sake fasalin samarwa da wannan siyasa da aka ƙi. Aristocracy karfi nẽmi dawwama a su da gata, da kuma duk levies tare da kwastan aikinsu sa wani nauyi a kan kafadu na uku Estate, wakilan wanda a Faransa ya 90%.

A 1778, Turgot, a ofishin ya maye gurbin Nekker. Ya shãfe serfdom a cikin sarauta domains, azabtarwa a lokacin interrogations, ya takaita kotu ta halin kaka, amma wadannan matakan ne kawai a drop a cikin teku. Absolutism ba a yarda ya ci gaba da dogon-jari hujja dangantakar a cikin al'umma. Saboda haka, a canji na tattalin arziki Tsarin da aka sani kawai wani al'amari lokaci. Ya faru don zurfafa tattalin arziki da rikicin, ya bayyana a cikin ci gaban da farashin da in babu girma a samar. Kumbura ya buga wuya mafi disadvantaged sassa na yawan jama'ar, shi ne daya daga cikin catalysts podstegnuvshih ci gaban da juyin juya halin Musulunci jin zuciya a cikin al'umma.

Fine misali da ya nuna Amurka yaki da samun yancin kai, hũra a fatan na neman sauyi Faransa. Idan muka magana game da Faransa juyin juya halin, a takaice dai (da zaton cewa sun balaga), ya kamata a lura, da kuma rikicin siyasa a Faransa. Aristocracy dauke kanta sanya tsakanin wani dutse da wani m wuri - da sarki, da jama'a. Saboda haka violently katange duka firtsi wanda, a cikin ta ra'ayi, wa'adi da 'yancin walwala da kuma zaba. Sarki ya fahimci cewa wajibi ne a dauki akalla wani abu: France iya daina rayuwa a cikin tsohon hanya.

A taron duniya na Amurka Janar 5 May 1789

All uku azuzuwan bi su a raga da kuma manufofin. Sarkin fatan kauce wa rushewar tattalin arziki da sake fasalin dokokin da haraji tsarin. Aristocracy - don kula da wuri, shi ya gyara aikinsa, da aka fili da ake bukata. Talakawa mutane, ko da wani na uku dukiya, ya yi fatan cewa, da States-Janar zai zama wani wuri inda suke siffantawa karshe ji. Swan, da crayfish kuma Pike ...

M muhawara da tattaunawa saboda da babban goyon baya daga cikin mutane nasarar warware a cikin ni'imar da Uku Estate. 1200 kujeru 610, ko mafi kama da talakawa. Kuma nan da nan da suka samu damar nuna siyasa da ƙarfi. 17 ga watan Yuni a fagen fama don ball wasanni wakilan da mutane, shan amfani da rikice da kuma vacillation daga cikin limaman Kirista da kuma aristocracy, ya sanar da halittar majalisar dokokin kasar, tana mai shan alwashin ba don tarwatsa har da kundin tsarin mulkin. A limaman da kuma na nobility goyon su. The uku Estate ya nuna cewa wajibi ne a yi la'akari.

Bastille

A farkon na Faransa juyin juya halin alama, Mai girma taron - shan na Bastille. Faransa bikin wannan rana a matsayin kasa hutu. Amma ga masana tarihi, da ra'ayin da aka raba: akwai shakka waɗanda ji cewa wani tarin kuma ya ba: sansanin de aikin mika wuya ga kansa, kuma shi duka ya faru saboda rashin kulawa taro. A sau daya shi ne wajibi ne don bayyana wasu maki. Shan al'amarin, da kuma wadanda suka. Mutane da dama sun yi kokarin rage da gada, da kuma ya matse wadannan hatsarori. Garrison iya su yi tsayayya, ya yi a gun, da kuma kwarewa. Akwai bai isa abinci da kayayyaki, amma tarihin sani misalai na jaruntakar tsaro na kagara.

Bisa ga takardun da muke da wadannan: da Ministan kudi Nekkera ga Mataimakin Kwamandan sansanin soja Pyuzho duk ya yi magana a kan yarjejeniyoyin da Bastille, yayin da nuna wani janar ra'ayi. A rabo daga cikin shahararrun kagara-kurkuku aka hatimce - don haka shi za a rushe. Amma tarihi bai sani ba, da subjunctive yanayi: Yuli 14, 1789 ya shan na Bastille, kuma wannan alama farkon na Faransa juyin juya halin.

tsarin mulki daular mulkinsu

Tabbatar da dalilin da mutane na Faransa tilasta gwamnatin za su yarda da. Cities Municipalities aka canza kama zuwa wata ƙungiya - mai zaman kanta neman sauyi gwamnati. Shahararren Faransa tricolor - wani sabon kasa flag da aka soma. National Guard karkashin jagorancin de Lafayette, wanda ya zama sananne a Amurka War of Independence. Majalisar dokokin fara da samuwar wani sabon gwamnati da kuma Shirin zanen da wani tsarin mulki. Agusta 26, 1789 soma da "jawabi na Rights daga Man da kuma na Citizen" - mafi muhimmanci daftarin aiki a cikin tarihi na Faransa juyin juya halin. A da shi da aka ayyana da asali hakkoki da abubuwan da yanci ya na sabon Faransa. Yanzu kowa da kowa na da hakkin ya 'yancin tunani da juriya da zalunci. Da zan iya fito fili ya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu, kuma za a kare daga encroachments kan masu zaman kansu dukiya. Yanzu duk sun daidaita a gaban doka, kuma suna da daidaita wajibai zuwa haraji. The darajar Faransa juyin juya halin da aka bayyana a kowane layi na wannan m daftarin aiki. Duk da yake mafi kasashen Turai na ci gaba da fama da zamantakewa rashin daidaito generated da saurã daga tsakiyar zamanai.

Ko da yake ya gyara aikinsa, 1789-1791 gg. abubuwa da yawa sun canja da cika fuska, tallafi na doka a kan danniya na wani tawayen da aka directed a kan matalauta. Haka kuma an haramta shiga kungiya ta kashin da kuma hali buga. Ma'aikata sake rũɗe.

Satumba 3, 1891 da wani sabon tsarin mulkin da aka soma. Ta ba da 'yancin kada kuri'a don iyaka yawan membobin tsakiyar duwatsu. Gudanar da wani sabon dokoki Majalisar, wanda mambobi ba za a iya sake zabe. Duk da wannan gudummawar da radicalization na yawan da kuma yiwuwar tsõro, kuma despotism.

Da barazana da waje mamayewa da fall na daular mulkinsu

Ingila ji tsoron cewa tallafi na ci-gaba tattalin arzikin tasiri da kokarin Faransa, don haka duk da ikon shirya da mamayewa na Austria kuma Prussia da aka jefa. Patriotic Frenchmen goyon kiran kare su mahaifarsa. The National Guard na Faransa bayar da shawarar da a miƙa mulki na sarki, da kafa jumhuriyar da zabi wani sabon taron jam'iyyar na kasa. Duke na Brunswick bayar da manifesto a cikin abin da ya kayyade masa nufi: to mamaye Faransa da kuma halakar da juyin juya halin. Da zarar koya game da shi a Paris, abubuwan da suka faru na Faransa juyin juya halin suka fara samar hanzari. Agusta 10 da 'yan tawaye suka tafi da Tuileries, da kuma fatattakar' Swiss Guards, kama bakwai ta sarautar sarkin. Mabayyani mutane da aka sanya a cikin kagarar Haikali.

The yaki da tasiri a kan juyin juya halin

Don bayyana a takaicce Faransa juyin juya halin, ya kamata a lura da cewa yanayi a Faransa jama'a ne maras tabbas mix na tuhuma, da tsoro, shakka, kuma ta fiɗãci. Lafayette gudu iyaka sansanin soja Longwy mika wuya ba tare da wani yaki. Fara tsaftacewa, aka kama da kuma kisan kare-dangi a kan himma daga cikin Jacobins. Mafi yawa daga cikin Girondins a cikin Yarjejeniyar sun - su wanda ya shirya tsaro, har ma da farko nasara. Su da tsare-tsaren sun m: daga da kawar da Paris ƙungiya da kama na Holland. By lokacin France yake yaƙi, kusan duk na Turai.

Personal rigingimu da kowa,, ragewa rayuwar da tattalin arziki kawancen - a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wadannan dalilai da tasiri da Girondins fara Fade, kuma wannan amfana da Jacobins. Cin Amanar Janar Dumouriez ya cikakken uzuri ya zargi gwamnatin na hada hannu da abokan gaba da kuma cire shi daga kan mulki. Danton jagoranci kwamitin Jama'a Safety - zartarwa ikon da aka mayar da hankali a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin Jacobins. The darajar Faransa juyin juya halin da kuma akida da abin da yake tsaye, sun rasa ma'ana. Firgitar da kuma tashin hankali share Faransa.

tsõro Apogee

France da aka faruwa ta hanyar daya daga cikin mafi wuya lokaci a namu tarihi. Ta sojojin da aka mãsu bãyar da bãya, kudu maso yammacin rinjayi Girondins jagoranci tawaye. Bugu da kari, aiki magoya bayan na daular mulkinsu. Mutuwar Marat Robespierre ne don haka gigice cewa ya yi marmarin gida kawai jini.

Jama'a Safety kwamitin ya zartar da ayyuka na gwamnatin - da kalaman na ta'addanci share a kan Faransa. Bayan da tallafi na cikin Littãfin Yuni 10, 1794 da ake zargi da aka ƙaryata game da dama zuwa tsaron gida. Sakamako na Faransa juyin juya halin, lokacin da mulkin kama karya na Jacobins -. Aƙalla game da 35 dubu matattu, kuma fiye da 120 dubu gudu hijira ..

tsõro manufofin haka tunawa da halittawa, cewa jamhuriyar, samun ƙi, kashe su ba.

Napoleon Bonaparte

France da aka zub da jini fari da yakin basasa, juyin juya halin da kuma raunana ta matsa lamba da kuma riko. Duk abin da ya canza: yanzu zalunci da dama an hõre kansu Jacobins. Su kulob din ya rufe, da kuma kwamitin Jama'a Safety ne a hankali rasa iko. Yarjejeniyar, kare bukatun da waɗanda aka wadãtar da shekara da shekaru na juyin juya hali, a maimakon haka, ya karfafa matsayinsa, amma a matsayinsa na zauna precarious. Shan amfani da wannan, da Jacobins bore a cikin May 1795, da cewa ko da yake ya kasance mai tsanani tawayar, amma shi ya kara da rushe na Yarjejeniyar.

Matsakaici yan jam'iyyar Republican da kuma Girondins haifar da shugabanci. France da aka mired a cin hanci da rashawa, mãsu yin zina, kuma fada cike da kyawawan dabi'u. Daya daga cikin mafi bayyanar Figures na Directory ya Count Barras. Ya jawabin Napoleon Bonaparte da propelled shi ta hanyar da darajõji ta hanyar aika a soja yakin.

Mutane karshe rasa addini a cikin shugabanci, kuma ta shugabannin siyasa, da kuma wannan ya dauki Napoleon. Nuwamba 9, 1799 aka zayyana Consulate yanayin. All zartarwa ikon mayar da hankali a hannun farko Consula - Napoleon Bonaparte. The ayyuka na sauran biyu consuls sun kawai shawarwari. A juyin juya halin shi ne a kan.

A 'ya'yan itatuwa na juyin juya halin

Sakamako na Faransa juyin juya halin da aka bayyana a cikin canji na tattalin arziki Tsarin da canje-canje a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a tsakaninsu. The Church da kuma aristocracy karshe rasa ta tsohon iko da tasiri. France hau kan tattalin arziki reluwe na jari hujja da kuma ci gaba. Its mutane, zafin a cikin fadace-fadace da kuma wahalhalu, mallaki mafi yawan iko m sojojin a lokacin. The darajar Faransa juyin juya halin ne mai girma: a cikin zukatan mutane da yawa Turai al'ummai kafa akida na daidaito da kuma da mafarkin da 'yanci. Amma a lokaci guda akwai wani tsoro na sabon da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci upheavals.