Ferrous karafa: filin, ajiya. ferrous Metallurgy

Metals - shi ba zai rasa ta munasaba kayan. Suna amfani da ko'ina a cikin gida da kuma a cikin masana'antu. Hakika, yanzu mun ƙirƙira yawa daban-daban zabi, dangane da abin da ya samu abu ne ba na baya a ingancin zuwa karafa. Duk da haka, ba za su iya ba gaba daya maye gurbin. Yana da wuya a kwatanta da fences da ƙofofi, grates, manhole inuwõyi, kayayyakin aiki, da kuma mafi daga wani abu dabam.

Ko da yake roba, gilashin, silicone, polyethylene kuma propylene sun zama wani ɓangare na rayuwa ta zamani, yana da wuya a maye gurbin da muhimman hakkokin Tsarin na da yawa cikakken bayani game da motoci da sauran motocin a kan wani madadin karafa. Yana kawai ba.

Metals na lokaci-lokaci System

A lokaci-lokaci System of Abubuwa karafa zauna manyan matsayi. Na yanzu da aka sani 117 matsayi alaka karafa fiye da 90. Duk wadannan abubuwa suna da wani yawan musamman siffofin da cewa ba ka damar mai da su zuwa ga rukuni na karafa:

1. Iya gudanar da wutar lantarki a halin yanzu.
2. Da watsin.
3. Malleable, ductile, amenable mirgina cikin zanen gado da waya (ba duka).
4. Da silvery Sheen (sai dai jan karfe da zinariya).

Bugu da kari ga general Properties na kowane irin rabi yana da yawan musamman, da kuma abin da ya sa shi irin wannan bukatar.

typology

All karafa a matsayin mai sauki abu kuma za a iya raba uku azuzuwan:

1. Black.
2. Masu launin.
3. Precious.

Ga wadanda ba ferrous karafa ne duk amma masu daraja, da baƙin ƙarfe. Wannan shi ne, jan, Mercury, palladium, chromium, nickel, tutiya, magnesium, alli, aluminum, gubar, da kuza, da kuma sauransu.

Domin daraja karafa hada da wadannan:

• azurfa.
• zinariya.
• platinum.

Ferrous karafa - wanda suka suna bi?

A wannan aji ya hada da:

• baƙin ƙarfe, da dukan gami.
• manganese.
• Chrome.
• vanadium.
• titanium;
• da kuma uranium actinides (thorium, plutonium, neptunium, da sauransu).
• tungsten.
• Alkali karafa.

Wannan shi ne, daga cikin iri-iri daga cikin wadannan abubuwa a kan rabo na ferrous karafa lissafinsu karami rabo. Kuma m ba ya fi na kowa (sai baƙin ƙarfe) da ake samu a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi da kuma ciki.

Amma duk da cewa da ferrous karafa aka gabatar a da dama daga cikin 'yan abubuwa, su ne sosai na kowa da voluminous a samar da aiki. Weight na kayayyakin, sassa, da na'urorin haɗi sanya daidai da na baƙin ƙarfe, da ta gami.

Ferrous karafa ne m isa da nema a duk faɗin duniya. Hakar da kuma aiki na baƙin ƙarfe - a yankan-baki fasaha da kuma matsalolin tattalin a kasashe da dama, ciki har da Rasha.

Adibas na ferrous karafa a duniya

na baƙin ƙarfe samar sikelin mukamansu farko cikin dukan karafa. Its nauyi abun ciki a cikin yanayi, ciki har da a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi, kiyasta biliyoyin. A daidai wannan lokaci, bisa ga masana, mutum zuwa kwanan ya gano kawai ɗaya da ɗari tan biliyan.

Idan muka magana game da duniya ta adibas na ferrous karafa, da farko da baƙin ƙarfe, ya kamata a lura da cewa su ne a kan dukkan nahiyoyi, a dukan sassa na duniya, fãce ga matuƙa ta arewa batu. Da rarraba da kasashe kamar da wadannan (a cikin saukowa domin):

• Rasha (game da arba'in bisa dari na duniya ta reserves).
• Brazil.
• Australia.
• Canada.
• Amurka.
• China.
• India;
• Sweden.

Adibas a Rasha

A Rasha ferrous karafa kunshe ne a cikin kusan dukkan manyan sikelin-tarayya gundumomi.

1. Jamhuriyar Tarayya District (Kurskaia Magnetic anomaly) - a kan 59%.
2. Urals Tarayya District - 14%.
3. Siberian District - 13%.
4. Far - 8%.
5. Arewa maso yamma Tarayya District - 4%.
6. Volga - 0.5%.

A kowane daga cikin wadannan gundumomi ne kamfanin, wanda aka kwashe ferrous metallurgy. Rasha ne bayyananne shugaban a duniya a kan wannan nuna alama, da kuma, kuna hukunta daga reserves, don haka shi za ta ci gaba ga mai dogon lokaci.

hakar abu

ferrous karfe samarwa ya shafi dama rikitarwa mataki tsari. Da fari dai, ferrous karafa ba su samu a cikin 'yan qasar tsari, da kuma dacewa da wani ɓangare na tama (manganese, da baƙin ƙarfe, da sauransu). Saboda haka, kafin mu sami karfe da za a fitar daga ƙasa rock - tama.

Wannan tsari da aka yi da karafa masana'antu. Kamar wancan ores dauke da baƙin ƙarfe, za a iya cikakken da arziki ko ramammu zuwa karfe. Saboda haka, yana da wani yanki dauka domin sinadaran analysis samuwar tama bayan hakar. Idan da karfe abun ciki shi ne gwada yawa a kan 57-60%, sa'an nan da aiki na ci gaba. Idan ƙananan, sa'an nan dakatar ko motsa zuwa wani wuri a sami karin high-sa tama. In ba haka ba, wannan tsari ne kawai ta fuskar tattalin arziki marasa amfani baki ɗaya.

A na gaba lokaci, wanda ya shafi samar da ferrous karfe - shi ne aiki na cirewa tama a musamman shuka. Wannan tsari ne da aka sani a matsayin metallurgy. Yana iya zama na dama iri:

1. Hydrometallurgy - tushen fasahar in tama da hakar kuma aiki ne da yin amfani da ruwa. A kan aiwatar da leaching karafa daga tama wuce zuwa cikin bayani, sa'an nan cirewa da eletroliza a tsarkake form. Makamashi da kuma abu, wannan hanya ne mafi tsada, don haka shi ne amfani ne kawai ga na musamman karafa.
2. Pyrometallurgy - dalilin da yin amfani da wuta kayan aiki. zafi magani aiwatar tama a fashewar Tanderu amfani da wani coked kwal. Mafi na kowa hanyar tama aiki da karfe dawo. Ana amfani da a karfe masana'antu.
3. Biometallurgy. Bisa ga mataki na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, shi ne kawai farko da za a gabatar a yi, ɓullo fasahar binciken halittu. A kasa line ne da ikon wasu kwayoyin cire karafa a cikin tsari na rayuwa daga tama.

aiki

A cikin aiki shuka mined ores dauke da ferrous karafa, su ne batun da hankali magani. Duk wadannan matakai suna nuna a tebur a kasa.

aiwatar	Jigon da tsari	sakamakon
1. Ore	Rabuwa rabo daga tama dauke da karfe, daga gangue. Yana iya faruwa a daya daga hanyoyi uku: Magnetic (ferromagnetic baƙin ƙarfe-tushen). nauyi (tushe - daban-daban yawa da komai-arziki kankara). flotation (dogara ne a kan yin amfani da ruwa da Fitar kumfar wakili).	Don ba m, arziki ferrous karfe substrate, wanda aka aiko zuwa kara aiki.
2. agglomeration	Ore sintering tsari. Gudanar da su samu tsarki abu ba tare da kazamta gas da kuma kura, kuma haka a.	Samu iri uku tama sarrafa: sintered tama (gasa high yanayin zafi ba tare da iska damar). A rabu (tsarkake rabuwa). okatyshnaya (salla dauke da baƙin ƙarfe fluxes).
3. tsãwa makera tsari	Coking tama a wani harin bom da gagarumar wuta domin yin amfani da man fetur, da baƙin ƙarfe rage wakili na ci daga oxides.	Samu tsarki ƙarfe riga Fused tare da carbon ta samar da karfe idan ya cancanta.

Wannan shi ne yadda aka samu baƙin ƙarfe da ta gami. Matsakaicin abu halin kaka ciyar a kan shirye-shiryen da kuma yin amfani da coke (ci). Wannan shi ne wani rage wakili don baƙin ƙarfe, man fetur, zafi Madogararsa, carbon maroki. Saboda haka, a cikin bayyana tsari yana amfani da wani fairly manyan adadin shi, Saboda haka mafi girma tsabar kudi halin kaka.

ajiya yanayi

Domin ferrous karafa, da farko da dangantaka da baƙin ƙarfe, da ta gami. Ya kamata a fahimci cewa wannan shi ne wani sosai m abu lalata. Saboda haka, black karfe ajiya na bukatar riko da wasu sharudda, musamman idan ba game da Tsarin da kayayyakin, da kuma abin da ake kira ferrous ya da (sharar gida, karye ware, zanen gado, da sandunansu, kayan aiki da sauransu):

1. A dakin a cikinsa da kayan ya zama gaba daya rufaffiyar daga danshi ingress (ruwan sama, snow). A kasan zafi, da ya fi tsayi shiryayye rayuwa.
2. A ƙasa na sito dole ne manyan, ba shi yiwuwa ya ci gaba da leaf tsarin ferrous karafa dama na gaba da juna, kamar yadda wannan zai fararwa wani wuri da lalata.
3. Duk da akwai abu da ya kamata a ana jerawa da iri da kuma size.

By bin wadannan sauki dokoki, za ka iya zama idan dai zai yiwu a tsare da matakai na rushewa daga karfe Tsarin.

ferrous karfe gami

Don wadanda yarda to baƙin ƙarfe gami, wanda ya kasu kashi da dama iri:

1. Karfe. Ferrous karfe alloyed da carbon, ba da wadannan sakamakon.
2. Iron. Basic da baƙin ƙarfe, wanda aka samar a fashewar Tanderu a cikin aiki da tama, shi ne kaucewa m matsayin abu don samar da kayan da kayan gida. Ya ke kuma m. Yana bukatar a kara sarrafa a cikin nau'i na baƙin ƙarfe jikewa da carbon, don samun m m abu. Har ila yau wasu abubuwa kara bunkasa lalata juriya da kuma inganta yi.
3. Ferroalloys (silicocalcium, ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese). Babban manufar wadannan gami - Performance kyautata na karshe abu.

karfe

Mafi muhimmanci daga duk gami ferrous karafa cire karfe. Yau koya cimma sosai gagarumin sakamako a samar da wannan abu da qaddara Properties muhimmanci. Wannan irin Fusion - Abu mafi muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki, ba cewa ferrous karafa. Abin da ya fara bayyana?

1. M - amfani da samar da daban-daban kayan aikin.
2. Bakin karfe (ciki har da bututu shawara, mai tsaurin sassa, yankan kayan aikin, welded kayan aiki da sauransu).
3. Ferritic Chrome.
4. Martensite-Chrome.
5. Doped.
6. Nickel.
7. Chrome.
8. Chrome-vanadium.
9. Tungsten.
10. Molybdenum.
11. Manganese.

By Title fili cewa wadannan aka gyara an kara zuwa wata cakuda da na baƙin ƙarfe, da carbon a wani rabo. Wannan rinjayar da wani gagarumin canji a cikin kaddarorin da kayan samu.

secondary karafa

Abin baƙin ciki, kamar yadda muka dã son, abubuwa iya ba har abada. A tsawon lokaci, duk abin da ya zo a cikin disrepair - karya lashe, da samun haihuwa da kuma fita daga fashion. Saboda haka shi ne da kayayyaki da sanya na ferrous karafa. Karfe, jefa baƙin ƙarfe da sauran kayayyakin, sassan kawai ba da ake bukata.

Sai suka zauna a kan wani musamman sha'anin tsunduma a cikin aiki da albarkatun kasa ya zo a cikin disrepair. Yanzu yana da baki karfe sakandare. Wannan abin da ake kira da kasa da kuma ba dole ba a cikin gida da karfe kayayyakin da aka yi da ferrous karafa.

Wadanda kamfanonin, wanda gudanar da tarin ya da, dole a bi dokoki da wasu dokoki a kan ta ajiya, fitarwa da kuma sale. The dokokin kasar mu a kan wannan batu an saita zuwa Gost. Ferrous karafa, kazalika da launi, suna tsananin sarrafawa ta hanyar doka.

Secondary karafa za a iya sake yin fa'ida da kuma sake fara samar. Shi ne don sayarwa ga wannan dalilai, da kuma sayen up ferrous ya da karafa 'yan kasuwa shamaki ba.

Yau, to ferrous karafa ake bi da tare da girmamawa, suka zauna a jagorancin matsayi a cikin dacewa samfurin kasuwar.

A amfani da aikin injiniya

Karfe da kuma jefa ƙarfe abubuwa, aka gyara, da kuma daban-daban na'urorin su ne mafi yadu amfani a fannin aikin injiniya. Sunã nẽman ba kawai a kan hanya, amma kuma a kan sinadaran, Aerospace masana'antu, da kuma Shipbuilding. Duk wannan godiya ga na musamman ƙarfi daga wadannan kayan, su zafi juriya da kuma lalata juriya. Ferrous karafa ne tushe abu don samar da yawa iri kayayyakin. Daga cikin mafi kowa ne:

• gefe kaya murfin.
• bearings.
• bawuloli.
• kayan aiki;
• bushings.
• bututu.
• Car cylinders da sauran motocin.
• giya.
• sarkar links a kan tractors.
• birki ganguna.
• karusa.
• maida hankali ne akan da sauransu.

Jerin iya ci gaba har abada, saboda kayayyakin daga ferrous karafa da su gami Lalle ne mãsu yawa.

Aikace-aikace a sauran masana'antu

Akwai da dama manyan yankunan a cikin abin da ferrous karafa an yi amfani da:

1. Chemical masana'antu.
2. Inji aikin injiniya.
3. Yi na furniture, manufa ta musamman.
4. Batun jita-jita.
5. Manufacturing tsarin sassa.

Wannan, ba shakka, ba wani cikakken jerin, amma kawai ya fi kowa yankunan, wanda asusu ga mafi yawan daga cikin kayayyakin na ferrous metallurgy.