Hoton na da "kasa" a cikin play "The Lower acan karkashin" Gorky

A play "The Lower acan karkashin", rubuta ta Maxim Gorky (Alekseem Maksimovichem Peshkovym) a 1902, shi ne na biyu a jere bayan da wasan kwaikwayo "Filistiyawa" (1901). A cikin duniya shi ne gane a matsayin mafi kyau da ban mamaki halittun da marubucin. A yanki da aka rubuta a cikin kayan rayuwa, "tsohon mutane", shi ne, Mai? Ididdig da marubuci. A Nizhny Novgorod Gorky mafaka nasu idanu gan prototypes na kusan duk na play jam'iyyun. Kowane daga cikinsu yana da muhimmanci ga bayyana da janar ji, na da "gaskiya" da cewa shi ne daban-daban daga wasu.

"Tsohon Mutane"

Gaskiyar cewa mafi yawan haruffa aiki - "tsohon mutane" - shi ne muhimmiyar. Kowace daga cikinsu ya zarar memba na jama'a, da yin wani zaman jama'a rawa. Yanzu, a cikin wani rooming gidan, da bambance-bambance tsakanin haruffan ma share, duk daga gare su - kawai mutanen da suka suna hana a wasu gwargwado na individuality. Domin fahimtar image na da "kasa" a cikin play "The Lower acan karkashin", shi wajibi ne don la'akari da wannan siffa daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.

The matsaloli daga cikin play

Marubucin mayar da hankali ba sosai a kan zamantakewa matsayin, amma maimakon a general, mafi muhimmanci ga masu rinjaye daga cikin siffofin mutum sani. "Abin da taimakawa da kuma hana rayuwa?", "Yadda za a sami girma?" - wadannan tambayoyi neman wani amsar Maksim Gorky. Saboda haka, da abun ciki na wasa ba a iyakance zuwa zamantakewa al'amurran da suka shafi, ciki har da wani falsafa da kuma da'a. "Kasa" - shi ne kasa na rayuwa a cikin za'a fadada ma'ana, a gabar samuwar dan'adam a general, ba kawai a cikin mahallin na zaman jama'a.

Hoton na da "kasa" a cikin play "The Lower acan karkashin"

Rasha jama'a a nuna na ƙarni, ya sa samun abinci sane da yadawa m zamantakewa bala'i. A aikinsa marubucin ya nuna jihar na zamani duniya a apocalyptic sautunan. Heroes, zaune a cikin "rami" da kuma cellars, jiran ranar shari'a. Wannan rayuwa shi ne wani nau'i ne na gwajin: wanda yake iya tashin matattu zuwa sabuwar rayuwa, da kuma wanda a karshe ya mutu.

M, apocalyptic sauti guda musamman keenly ji wasu zamani wasan kwaikwayo da kuma fim darektan. Saboda haka, halshen Moscow wasan kwaikwayo ta Kudu-West (darektan Valeriy Romanovich Belyakovich) Flop jũya a cikin wani duhu sarari tare da fankon layuka biyu maikashi gadon kwana na jirgin ƙasa rasa iyali ãyõyi. Duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sa fararen tufafi da pectoral gicciye, kamar yadda idan a gabãnin Rãnar ¡iyãma. Bugun jini play da barazar kamu da "rayuwan" scenes: flophouse cika "wuce kabari" da blue haske da girgije hayaki, da kuma mazaunan shi, kuma ba zato ba tsammani fada shiru, kamar sleepwalker, fara mirgine a kan bunks da writhe kamar yadda idan miyãgun azabar unknown karfi. Hoton na da "kasa" a cikin play "The Lower acan karkashin" a cikin wannan fassarar da aka fadada sosai, za a hayin zamantakewa mahallin.

Symbolism da labarun almara a cikin aikin

Sauti symbolism na ayyukan da alaka da himma, a cikin image ga ka'idojin na zaman jama'a da kuma m da labarun almara. Musamman ƙarfi ji taken "rami", cikin ginshiki a matsayin mai wulãkanci alama ce da waɗanda ake zalunta samuwar dan'adam. Ga nuna ba kawai hakikanin rai (matalauci a Rasha a lokacin da gaske rayu mafi yawa a cikin ginshiki), amma wani abu yafi. Gorky so mutum ya kai "Allah" ainihi, maimaita "Allah" harka a cikin ruhaniya jirgin sama. Don yin wannan, duk da haka, dole ne ya yi wata azãba mai da kuma rikitarwa yi na tashin kansa. Yana da daidaituwa ba haka dutse arches reminiscent na wani doss gidan kogo da kabarin Kristi. Feature images ( "The Lower acan karkashin") ta dogara ne a kan wani kwatanta da Littafi Mai Tsarki hali, da ikon ya zama kamar shi.

Mutane da "mutumin"

A cikin ginshiki mai mutum da aka jefa fita daga cikin rayuwar yau da kullum, rashi na dukiya da kuma tanadi, zamantakewa matsayi, sau da yawa mai suna. Mutane da yawa daga cikin dramatis personae ne kawai sunayen laƙabi, sama-sama kwatanta siffofin heroes "a kasa". M) Halicci gallery na haruffa: da actor, Baron, Kwana Craw, kullu, Tartar. Da alama kawai kama zauna daga wadannan mutane. Mawallafi, sa wannan m gwaji a kan haruffa aikinsa, yana so a ce, duk da fall na zurfin da "Tsohon mutane" har yanzu tana riƙe da rai rai da za su iya yin wani "yi tashin matattu."

tsarin image "a kasa na rayuwa" ya hada da wani irin. Wakilai daga cikin "saman", nadpodvalnogo duniya "Masters" - Kostylev, mai shi daga cikin rooming gidan, a bloodsucker da wani prude, matarsa, Vasilisa, sunã shũshũta ta lover Vaska Toka kisan mijinta - aka nuna a matsayin m Tarurrukan, daga karshe aka kashe. Zama bayarda daya daga cikin "m" magana cewa ya ce da m Luka: "Akwai - mutane, kuma akwai - daban-daban - da kuma maza ...". Sa'an nan, ya bayyana cewa Kostylev "mutane" - wadanda rai ne kamar nome m asa, zai iya ba da sabon harbe.

A juxtaposition na "gaskiya-karya"

Alekseya Maksimovicha Gorkogo - wani marubuci kuma wani mutum - ko da yaushe azaba unsolvability contrasting "gaskiya - ƙarya." Kwatanta biyu "gaskiyar" - wanda da cewa yana da mutum kansa da wanda stimulates m makamashi da cewa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin zuciya daga cikin play "The Lower acan karkashin". Images of Baron, mites, Bubnov, Toka ne dako na zartsi gaskiya, da biyayya da marubucin ya kashe a cikin shahararrun monologue Satina ( "Duk - a mutum, duk - ga mutane").

Dostoevsky da zarar ya bayyana cewa, idan ya yi zabi tsakanin Yesu Kristi da kuma cikin gaskiya, ya zai yi zaba Almasihu. Allah Ya zabe ta Nastya, Luka, Actor, da sauransu. The images of da heroes of "The Lower acan karkashin" da aka fi mayar da halin da sadaukar da wannan ra'ayi ko wasu (Baron, Bubnov, mite, Ash). Aleksey Maksimovich kamar yadda su kerawa, da kuma musamman da aiki da kanta, ya ce cewa yin wani zabi a cikin ni'imar mutum.

A dauki daga cikin masu karatu da kuma masu sukar

Duk da babbar nasarar da play "A kasa", marubucin ya ba quite farin ciki da cewa ya ƙarshe samu. Ya gane ta dauki mafi yawan masu sukar da kuma jama'a, da wa'azi "kwantar da hankali da qarya" Luka zo da mafi muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci adadi, wanda aka samu ya cancanci abokin gaba. A baya review kuma tambayoyi Aleksey Maksimovich tone "ƙarya" Luka, amma subconsciously, tabbas kaunace shi. Saboda haka, tsohon mutumin ya juya daga haka sabanin da kuma m. A lokacin Hazard "kwantar da hankali da ƙarya" M bukaci masu karatu kusan zuwa karshen rayuwa.

ƙarshe

Gorky ya iya nuna daya daga cikin mafi m da kuma kawo hadari fasali na tunani da kuma adam sani - rashin biyan bukata da gaskiyar ta zargi, amma a lokaci guda dogara a kan waje taimako, wani rauni ga yiwuwar "banmamaki" ceto da kuma kubutarsa daga matsaloli, unwillingness zama alhakin rãyukansu da nasu yi da shi. Wannan ne sosai "kasa" da rai, wanda zai iya zama wakilin wani aji ko matsayi a al'umma. Ga irin wadannan mutane, "a kwantar da hankali da ƙarya," Luka yana cutarwa da kuma kawo hadari, ko da m (tuna da actor wanda ya rataye kansa a karshen daga cikin play), kamar yadda gaskiya, wanda za su jima ko ba dade su hadu da, ba haka ba ne idyllic cikakke.

A duniya ne mugunta, kuma dole ne a fuskanci, kuma ba gudu daga gare shi zuwa cikin duniya mafarki da rudu. Mutanen da suka fi son almarar rauni. Suna yi tsayayya da more wanda aka kera da rai cewa za a iya rike gaskiya. Aleksey Maksimovich tsaye gaskiya humanist, m da mutum idanu da gaskiya Jihar abubuwa, ba clouding idanunsa Sanarwa alkawarai, dangane - ƙarya, ta wulakantã mutum.

Hoton na da "kasa" a cikin play "The Lower acan karkashin" - daya daga cikin mafi iko da hotuna a cikin ayyukansu na marubuci, abin da masu karatu da kuma masu sukar dawo kuma da sake, jawo tunani, ra'ayoyi da kuma wahayi.