Ko iskar sani

Rasha addini zurfin tunani Vl. Soloviev a daya daga cikin muhawara miƙa a kan wani kirkirarren tafiya cikin kwakwalwarmu, domin ganin abin da ya faru a can. A wannan m yawon shakatawa za a iya gani a matsayin saita a tashin wani hadadden tsari na tunani kamar yadda "kankanin kwakwalwa barbashi" mu'amala da juna, kamar yadda wutar lantarki annobar cutar faruwa a sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa. Duk da haka, idan ka kwatanta abin da ke faruwa a cikin zukatanmu, don haka abin da muke gani a kwakwalwa Tsarin, sa'an nan nan da nan zai iya ze cewa wadannan su ne biyu mabanbanta tafiyar matakai. Ya zo a cikin wadannan karshe Vl. Solovyov: "Abin da zai gani wani waje Kiyayewa? Ya zai gani da tsarin da kwakwalwa ...., Amma wannan zai zama quite kama da image cewa kai ne a halin yanzu a wannan lokacin wakiltar, sau da yawa ba tare da sanin wani abu game da kwakwalwa da kuma ƙungiyoyi da na lantarki igiyoyin. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne kawai wani waje Kiyayewa, kuma ga samunsa shi ya bi da cewa tsakanin biyu babu wani m ainihi. " A wasu kalmomin, da mutum kwakwalwa da kuma duk jiki ne mai kyau-saurare na'ura, yana da wuya ya shirya. Wasu sassa na wannan na'ura da aka kore ta sauran jiki tafi, aikin, dandana azanci, ci, procreate. A jikin ne kawai wani motsi na al'amarin, a fili abu barbashi a cikin wani mai jiwuwa dukan, yayin da mu sani, tunani, da hankali ba shi da wani jiki yanayi.

Wannan ƙarshe zo dualists, a kan filaye cewa ra'ayin da aka haife shi a hankali, ba wani abu yanayi. Ga misali, da kujera a kan abin da muka zauna, eimeet hujjõji bayyanannu daga wani abu abu: matsayi, siffar da launi. Yana iya taba shi ba, ji shi, tafi. Hoton na da kujera cewa taso a zukatanmu, har ma a lokacin da ya rashin azanci ji, ba wani jiki abu a cikin m ji. An hasashen kujera shi yiwuwa a ji ta da hankula, jin shi a matsayin real. Bugu da kari, shi ne idan muka zabi yin, sauki don tarwatsa a cikin zukatanmu, kamar yadda idan ya taɓa kasancewa ba. Za mu iya, kuma, idan so, yin daban-daban canje-canje ga hasashen image na tebur, ya canza ta da siffar, launi, alhãli kuwa da real tebur, a matsayin batu na kayan duniya zai zama wani canji a wurinsa, kamar yadda babu jiki mataki, bai sha.

Sani dualists ko da yaushe aka daukarsa a matsayin wani abu duka, inseverable. Game da shi shi ya bambanta qualitatively daga jiki tsarin, wanda yake da tarin mutum physiological tafiyar matakai. Brain gano wasu fannoni na waje zama, sani haɗa kan bangaskiya data daga kwakwalwa zuwa ga dukan da jitu ganewa na duniya. The inji kunshi sassa daban-daban, yana bukatar guda hankali, domin ya ba da aikin wani shugabanci, domin sanin ko a raga, kuma manufofin. Wannan sani ya zama irin wannan mai unifying manufa, a bukata kafun ga tabbatar da hadin kai da shafi tunanin mutum rayuwa. Ba tare da wannan hadin kai na mu tuna zai zama wani Jimlar abubuwan, unconnected, cewa lalle ne, dã sun raba mu hali. A daidai wannan lokaci za mu ga cewa shi ne cikakke ruhaniya, subordinated zuwa guda nufin da kuma dalilin. "Qwaqwalwa ne qwarai rai, - ya ce SL Frank - ba wani inji ko wani hadadden na raba shafi tunanin mutum da mamaki ko tafiyar matakai. Shi ne, a daya hannun, wasu na farko indecomposable hadin kai. "

Bisa ga dualists, da mutum kwakwalwa ba a kai-gudãnar tsarin da kuma bukatar ya zama wani m jigon aiki, tabbatar da hadin kan aikinsa. Shi ne da godiya ga waɗanda suke ayyuka da cewa da gaske mu sani kuma mu duka shafi tunanin mutum da rai ne m. Farfesa na ilimin halin dan Adam a McDougall rubuta a wannan batun: "Gaskiyar qwaqwalwa ne qwarai hali ... .. ba za a iya gane .... ba tare da postulating wani tushen hadin kai, wanda shi ne ba da wani abu jiki ko kwakwalwa. " Turanci neuroscientist Charles Sherrington a kasidunsu da'awar cewa wani "qwaqwalwa ne qwarai manufa", wanda ya ta'allaka a waje mu, activates kwakwalwa sunadaran. Shugaban sashen Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Eisley yi imanin cewa, "a ruhaniya factor ya kamata kai da ci gaban da kwakwalwa." Da sauƙi, dangane da irin wannan zargin na kimiyya jikinsu, shi ne zai yiwu a tabbatar da wanzuwar superphysical msar tambayar rai, ba tare da wanda cikakken ainihi ba a ciki. A kalla, mai yawan masana kimiyya, da sane ko a sume, zo cewa ƙarshe. Australian bincike a fagen neurophysiology Kyubi baro-baro ya furta da wanzuwar ko iskar ruhu a tabbatar da aiki da sani da kuma tunani. Known a lokacin da masana kimiyyar vitalist, Farfesa Driesch, ya ce cewa "da muhimmanci jamiái alhakin samuwar jiki - wannan ba jamiái aiki a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma ciwon masomin a cikin al'amarin barbashi an jamiái aiki a sarari, idan yarda da za a cinye wannan paradoxical magana. " Idan wadannan wadãtacce "jamiái" ne ƙa'ida waje na mu halitta kewaye, a cikin hali na mutuwa, su ma suna da je cikin matsanancin sarari, wanda shi ne ainihin wani tabbaci na rashin mutuwa na ruhu. Farfesa McDougall kuma ya nuna wasu m tsarin da ciwon wani sarari halaye amma, duk da haka, yana da wani tasiri a kan al'amarin.

Magoya bayan manufar "immateriality na sani" tambaye physiologists, "Yaya nuna mana, sani za a iya generated da kwakwalwa kamar yadda gall, misali, da hanta?" A cikin ra'ayi, ba daidai ba ne ka kira kwakwalwa sani dukiya. A kayan duniya kowane abu yana Properties: launi, kamshi, siffar. A halin yanzu, tunanin mu da wani launi, babu siffar, babu wari. Tsammani ba zai iya shãfe, ba zai iya ji da nauyi ko sansana. The sosai da tunani, bisa A.Menya, "ba shi yiwuwa idan suka so su dauka" ko yin rajistar da abun ciki ta amfani da duk wani na'ura. Alal misali, yin amfani da EEG ikon iya rajistar oscillations samar da kwakwalwa. Duk da haka, yin amfani da shi ne ba zai yiwu ba ga ganewar "da flash na sani." Banana jini ya sa ta kwakwalwa aiki, shi ne a physiological tsari, da hankulansu motsi ne a aiwatar da wani daban-daban yanayi. Saboda haka, wani zamani super-m na'urorin, m ga shiga har cikin ganuwa duniya na kwayoyin, ba shi yiwuwa su "kama" da ra'ayin, ga aiwatar da haihuwar ta, don bayyana tsarin tunani. Game da rashin yiwuwar tunaninmu cognition ta hanyar halitta hanyoyin ce American neurophysiologist P. Bailey, suka da'awar a lokacin cewa "mu da wani hakki a gano da psyche ta wajen Physiology." A wannan ra'ayi ne da aka gudanar da sauran neuroscientist Charles Sherrington. Turanci masanin kimiyya Kyubi yi imani da cewa sani shi ne wani abstraction kuma ba zai iya zama abu na kimiyya da binciken. "