Mene ne naturalism a art?

The tambaya "abin shi ne naturalism" - daya daga cikin mafi wuya kimiyya, saboda quite sau da yawa wannan shugabanci rikita batun tare da labarun almara a art a general da kuma daukar hoto musamman. Saboda haka, dole ne ka zama a fili game da bambance-bambance tsakanin wadannan biyu igiyoyin kuma a fili rarrabe tsakanin su, domin rinjayar da fahimtar da ci gaban al'adu a karo na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th. Abu na farko da ya yi tunãni, game da yanayi da kuma riƙa na Yunƙurin na sabon ra'ayi game da matsalolin da artist, marubuci kuma darektan.

Sharuddan aukuwa

Fahimtar abin da naturalism ne ba zai yiwu ba tare da shan la'akari da zamantakewa da halin da ake ciki na biyu da rabi na wannan karni. A cikin kayan lokaci can sun kasance muhimman canje-canje a cikin kimiyya, wanda karfi da tasiri da m kawo dukkan kasashen Turai da kuma Amurka. A wannan lokaci, da rinjaye Trend ya positivism, wanda ya shafi binciken yanayi da kuma al'umma ba bisa m shafi tunanin mutum constructions, amma da hujjoji. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya da dama ya ki msar tambayar nazarin da koma zuwa cikakken bincike na musamman mamaki. Wannan ka'ida da aka sauri tsince a yawan artists, musamman, shi ne rayayye ci gaba a cikin ayyukansu, sanannen marubuci Emile Zola. A karkashin sabon ra'ayi, da artist yanzu yana zuwa bayana labarun gaskiya kamar yadda yake, ba tare da ƙawa da taron gunduma, wadannan dokokin tsarki, tabbatacce, gwaji kimiyya.

batutuwa

A nazarin matsalar da "Mene ne naturalism" ya kamata ci gaba da bincike na sabon ideas, wanda aka za'ayi da wakilan da sabon Trend. Suka fara bayyana da kuma bayyana yanayin mutum Psychology da peculiarities na ta Physiology, tseren, da kuma na waje yanayi na zama. Watsuwar cikin ruhaniya duniya daga cikin mutum, ya hadaddun da sabanin yanayi, da halin kirki nema ya daina sha'awar da sabon Trend mabiyansa. Fiye da suka kasance sha'awar mutum Pathology, zamantakewa rikice-rikice, m gwagwarmayar rayuwa. Ga wasu lokaci, wadannan ra'ayoyi sun riƙi wani abu rawa a zane-zane da kuma wallafe-wallafe. Naturalism ne hallmark na rayuwa gamsuwa da rashin so ga canja wani abu. Idan romanticism neman mafita ga matsalolin cikin jirgin daga gaskiya, hakikanci yayi wani fiye ko žasa kankare matakan inganta mutum al'umma, da sabon salo na Tashoshi a cewa ya siffanta abin da shi ne da hasara. Duk da haka, mawallafa gudanar naturalists tunanin cewa da dukan imperfections, duniya ne har yanzu fiye ko žasa barga, sabili da haka, dukan abin da yake na kirki ne, ko da mummuna bayani.

Features

Don fi gane abin da yake naturalism, dole ne mu tuna da yanayi na sau a wadda ta tashi. Romanticism da labarun almara ne ba sha'awa a cikin m kawo dukkan, wanda aka neman sabon siffofin magana na tunaninsu. Juyin juya halin, zamantakewa juyi, yaki, bambanta da wani musamman m cewa alama da biyu da rabi na karni na 19th, ba amma zai shafi rayuwar ruhaniya na al'umma. Da wakilan da sabon Trend ya daina dukan taron gunduma, sau da yawa depictions na scenes daga m rayuwa. A halayyar alama na shugabanci ya zama deestetizatsiya art. Artists da kuma marubuta sun bayyana da kuma sake bugawa da korau al'amurran da samuwar dan'adam, imani da cewa a cikin wannan hanya ya nuna yarda da zahirin gaskiya. Abin takaici, wannan hali ya kai ga sau da yawa bayyanar kayayyakin, waxanda suke da wuyar sanyã wa fagen fasaha, kamar yadda suke bambanta da musamman m da kuma unsightly scene da kuma siffofi. Babban muhimmanci da aka a haɗe image na wani mutum a cikin real duniya. Artists kula da bayyanar, da kuma marubuta - a kan Physiology da kuma gabbai.

akida akai

Wani sabon Trend in art da al'adu ba fita daga babu inda. Yana da nasa falsafa, wanda wahayi zuwa magoya bayansa. Nuni da cewa da farko manifestations nema a mayar da zamanin da, a lokacin da wasu gabascin bayyana duk mamaki na gaskiya, ciki har da sosai mutuntakar ɗan adam, da na halitta kewaye (Epicurus, wakilan Stoicism). A wannan zamanin, wannan akidar da aka ɓullo da a cikin aikin da dama da masana falsafa da kuma ilimi adabi mawallafa. Sun nuna cewa, jigon naturalism an rage wa kau da duk abubuwan da ke faruwa na musamman facts yanayi. Wasu marubuta sun ko da yunkurin la'akari da da'a Concepts a cikin hasken da mutum gwagwarmayar zama. Wadannan gabascin sun yi kira da hankali ga halitta gabbai na mutane fafitikar tsira.

a litattafan

Naturalism yana sanya abu a cikin adabi mutum hali image dangane da bayanin iyali da kuma kayan yanayi na zama. Writers aka karkata zuwa bayyana hali na da hali na ta gadar hali da kuma physiological halaye. Hallmark kerawa na wasu marubuta an kwaikwayo na daga cikin kimiyya hanya, wanda, da rashin alheri, ya haifar da impoverishment na art wuraren da dama. Wani hasara na wannan salo shi ne rashin akida da m hali ga kowane irin akidarsa a wani fom da cewa an san ta samar da kashin bayan romanticism da labarun almara.

Naturalism a wallafe-wallafen da ake dangantawa da farko da sunan wani Faransa marubuci Zola. Babban taken aikinsa ya siffar cuta na tsakiyar aji-rai. Ya mayar da hankali a kan mabukaci gefe na kasancewar su heroes. Duk da haka, a cikin ayyukansu, duk da bayyana roughness na hotunan da labarai, akwai wani falsafa, wanda ya bambanta da wannan marubuci tsakanin mu abokan aiki.

Misalai a cikin adabi

Wakilai daga naturalism sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga duniya wallafe-wallafe. Gi De Mopassan ya shahararren wakilin wannan Trend. Ya kasance a master of short litattafan da mahalicci da wani jerin shahararrun litattafan. Yana da muhimmanci cewa marubucin ƙaryata tsarki naturalism, amma a lokaci guda, sai ya nemi a cimma kusan shirin daidaito a cikin image na events. Ya ba sama da bincike na mutum Psychology da kuma tsare kansa to wadannan hujjoji daga rayuwar da haruffa. A lokaci guda, ya sãɓã wa jũna sosai receptive zuwa duk abin da ke kewaye da shi, wanda aka nuna a cikin ayyukansu, inda ya isa a karshen samu cikin kwanon rufi-Turai daraja.

a zanen

A shekara ta 1870 da ta dauki siffar a cikin na gani zane-zane Naturalism. Photography ne kamar yadda idan wasu koyi ga artists wanda cimma mafi m hoto. A lokaci guda, suka kokarin da mafi kyau ga watsi da aka nuna abu da kuma kokarin kauce wa riwayar motsin zuciyarmu, wanda, ba shakka, ba ko da yaushe aiki. Daji, yanayin fili painters da portraitists kokarin kamar yadda ma'ana kamar yadda zai yiwu a isar zuwa ga viewer wani sabon abu ba tare da ƙawa da kuma ado taron gunduma. Daya daga cikin fitattun wakilan zanen wani sabon shugabanci wani Faransa fenta Manet.

An dauke su kafa Impressionism, abin da sauri ƙwace shugabanci a karkashin shawara a cikin al'adunsu, amma ya fara da, da na daukar hoto daidaito reproduced image abu. Daya daga cikin mafi shahara zane-zane, wanda ya siffanta wani ma'aikaci na bar, aka karin a ƙayyadaddu da kuma daki-daki.

Yana shi ne daidai abin da ya so ya naturalism. Photography ya zama domin mabiyansa a cikin wannan misali aiki.

sauran wakilan

Daya daga cikin raunin da shugabanci a karkashin shawara shi ne rashin m da kuma akida generalizations. Mãkirci ba hõre falsafa tunani da kuma m kimantawa da kuma magani, wanda ya hali na da labarun almara. Duk da haka, wani sabon Trend ya kasance mai yawan abũbuwan amfãni: mai aminci haifuwa na gaskiya, daidaici da kuma daki-daki.

Bugu da kari ga wannan artist a cikin style of Degas aiki. Ya zane-zane da aka imbued tare da sauki da kuma jituwa da ke bambanta da zane-zane da na marubucin na aikin waɗanda suka fi son su zana scenes daga m sauki rayuwa. Degas fĩfĩta aiki tare da pastels, abin da ya tsaya fita daga Sahaban. Features naturalism bayyana musamman a cikin ayyukansu na Lautrec.

Ya posters da kuma zane-zane ne da wasu eccentric kuma ko da kira ga ya lokaci yanci.

A cinema

A naturalism na karni na 19th rinjayi halittar fina-finan. Riga na farko gudanarwa na cinema samo asali ne kawai ya fara tambaya da hanyoyin da ya yi. Daya daga cikin wadannan zane-zane ne na farko da karbuwa daga Romana Zolya "mutum-dabba". A zamani fina-finan iya sau da yawa hadu da abubuwa na wannan style, musamman a mataki fina-finai da kuma tsoro fina-finai. A matsayin misali, fim din "Ku yãƙe Club", a cikin wanda mai yawa al'amuran tashin hankali, da kuma keta. Recent premieres nuna cewa wannan Trend ne har yanzu sha'awar gudanarwa.

Alal misali, kwanan nan fito a sinimomi yaki fim "conscientious objectors", cike da tashin hankali al'amuran. Saboda haka, batu na ban mamaki sakamako a kan duniya cinema.

Kwatanta da baya shugabanci

Tambayar da abin da yake jigon da bambance-bambance tsakanin naturalism hakikanci yawanci sa tsanani a makaranta yara, kamar yadda biyu daga ƙarƙashinsu a duban farko, da yawa a cikin na kowa. Su burin - haifa da sakamakon da suke zaune tare da haƙiƙa yaƙĩni da daidaici. Mabiya kwatance kokarin bayar da gaskiya hoto na kewaye gaskiya, amma cimma manufarta a hanyoyi daban-daban. Realists nemi a cikin abubuwa wanda aka nuna ne na hali dabiu cewa su daidaita, takaita da kuma gabatar a cikin wani jiki hanya. Naturalists ma da farko tambayi dalili na kwashe lura sabon abu da kuma da gangan ya ki falsafa. Watakila, wannan ne bambancin da ke tsakanin naturalism da labarun almara.

Bambance-bambance a batu

Dukansu kwatance suna neman aminci haifa da mamaki na zamantakewa gaskiya. Dangane da wannan, su za a iya contrasted tare da romanticism, wanda, da bambanci, daukan karatu a cikin kyakkyawan duniyar mafarkai da rudu. Duk da haka, magoya bayan duka biyu trends a cikin al'adun daban-daban sawa wannan gaskiyar. Realists a cikin hoton na rayuwar yau da kullum sun jaddada cikin ruhaniya duniya, sun kasance sha'awar a cikin hali gwagwarmaya tare da tsakiyar aji-hanyar rayuwa. Su mayar da hankali kan yadda mutane a wuya yanayi nace na ibada. Naturalists, a daya hannun, sha'awar kawai a Physiology da kuma zamantakewa yanayi, wanda, a cikin ra'ayi, aka ƙaddara kasancewar mutum. Saboda wadannan bambance-bambance, da labarun almara da kuma naturalism amfani da daban-daban m kuma mai hoto wajen. Waɗanda suke, mabiya na farko Hakika, amfani da dama dabaru in sake farfado abubuwa ban sha'awa, yayin da wakilan da sabon Trend zuwa ƙuntata da kansu lugga, da guje wa metaphors, epithets, domin sun yi ĩmãni da cewa sun janye hankali karatu daga takamaiman facts.

sabon fasali

Idan ya zo ga abin da shi ne wani mawuyacin naturalism to hankali yawanci zo misalin tare da labarun almara. Wannan Trend ba kawai ya nema ya authentically labarun gaskiya, amma kuma ya soki lamirin ta shortcomings. Authors sau da yawa tãyar da m zamantakewa al'amurran da suka shafi shafi na yanzu zamani jigogi. A wannan yanayin, da suka sukan yi izgili da mũnãnan ayyuka na jama'a, ta amfani da dabaru na satire. A wannan za a iya ce da naturalism. Duk da haka, idan marubuta-realists yi kokarin fahimtar Sanadin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da matsaloli, har ma ya miƙa mafita, da mawallafa na wanda aka iyakance zuwa jeri da aka nuna abu drawbacks kawai ya bayyana takamaiman facts, wanda, ba shakka, ba ko da yaushe isa ga wani cikakken da haƙiƙa hoto na wani mãkirci, . Ya kamata a tuna cewa naturalism - wani shugabanci da cewa bai yi da'awar ya falsafa tunani da hakan. Ya kawai na daukar hoto, kusan shirin daidaici sãke ta abu na sha'awa. Wata kila wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wannan yanki shi ne daya daga cikin mafi rigima a wani al'ada cewa ba ma šauki tsawon lokaci.

A cikin gida arts

A kasar mu shige ta hanyar wannan matakai na raya kasa na romanticism, da labarun almara. Naturalism, a akasin haka, bai samu m rarraba a Rasha. Wasu marubuta sanyã wannan da peculiarities na Rasha da al'adu da kuma haukan, nuna wani patriarchal da wani babban mataki na ibada. Duk da haka, wasu fasaloli na dauke da kwarara ne har yanzu nuna a cikin wani yawan ayyukan adabi da kuma wasu fina-finan. Saboda haka, littafin marubuci D. N. Mamina-Sibiryak rubuta karkashin bayyane tasiri na wannan style. Marubucin Zagayawar rayuwar jama'ar na Urals, ta kwatanta yadda gyaran zamanin da ya jagoranci wani canji a cikin zaman jama'a sani, watse saba ka'idojin da kuma kyawawan dabi'u.

Wani marubuci - PD Bobrykin - ya bayyana copycat kerawa Zola. A daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan ƙwarai, ya kusan kimiyya daidaici haifa cikakken bayani game da m rayuwa, da rayuwar da gentry, ya bayyana su da gidaje. A Soviet sau, naturalism aka kyan gani, kamar yadda akasin hakikanci, don haka da yawa sukar da wani mummunan hali zuwa dabaru da kuma hanyoyin da ta wakilan. A cikin ra'ayi, da mawallafa sun mayar da hankali a kan duhu gefe na samuwar dan'adam, yayin Soviet farfaganda horar da ra'ayin sanyata mutum aiki a cikin shiri na kwaminisanci.

Amma, duk da mummunan hali ga naturalism, dauke shugabanci aka nuna a cikin Soviet cinema. Alal misali, hoton almara A. Konchalovsky "Sibiriada" yin fim a karkashin karfi da tasiri na naturalism. Wannan tef an gane a kasashen yamma. A wannan fim, da darektan ya nuna ba priglyadnye al'amurran rayuwa a cikin nisa m Siberian kauye a nuna na zamanin.

darajar

Naturalism a art taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban al'adu a karo na biyu da rabi na 19th - farkon karni na 20th. Muradinta na marubuta da kuma artists ya motsa daga wasu daga cikin m taron gunduma da ka'idoji, guda biyu tare da wani aiki search for sabon siffofin magana ra'ayoyi da kuma so su haifa kamar yadda suka fade sabon abu na gaskiya, ya kai ga sabon asali mafita a cikin art na magana da alama. Wasu wakilan da yanzu har yanzu riƙe wasu falsafa a cikin ayyukansu, wanda, a hade tare da tursasawa bayanin rayuwar talakawa mutane ya yarda da su don ƙirƙirar tunawa da ayyukan adabi, da kuma zanen cinema.