Nobel Prize a Chemistry. Nobel Prize a Chemistry

Nobel Prize a Chemistry da aka bayar tun 1901. Its farko lashe Yakubu van't Hoff. Wannan masanin kimiyyar samu lambar yabo ga dokokin na osmotic matsa lamba da kuma sinadaran kuzarin kawo cikas, bude su. Hakika, duk da nasara ba za a iya gaya a wata guda labarin. Za mu magana game da mafi shahara, kazalika da wa? Anda aka bayar da Nobel Prize a cikin sunadarai a karshe 'yan shekaru.

Ernest Rutherford

Daya daga cikin shahararrun chemists ne Ernest Rutherford. Nobel Prize ya samu a 1908 a nazarin da Lalacewar abubuwa rediyoaktif abubuwa. Shekaru na rayuwa da masanin kimiyyar - 1871-1937. Wannan shi ne wani English sunadarai da kuma likita, haife shi a New Zealand. Saboda da nasara a lokacin horo a Nelson College, ya samu wani malanta cewa a yarda da shi don tafiya zuwa Christchurch, New Zealand City, inda Canterbury College. A 1894, Rutherford ya zama BSc. Bayan wani lokaci, masana kimiyya da aka bayar da wata malanta a Cambridge University wanda yake a Ingila da kuma mayar da su cikin kasar.

A 1898, Rutherford ya fara gudanar da wani muhimmanci gwajen shafe rediyoaktif uranium radiation. Bayan wani lokaci, suna da biyu daga cikin irin aka gano: alpha haskoki da beta haskoki. A farko shiga kawai karamin nesa, da kuma na biyu - to mafi girma. Bayan wani lokaci, Rutherford ya gano cewa thorium fitarda musamman rediyoaktif gaseous samfurin. Ya kira wannan sabon abu da "emanation" (watsi).

New bincike ya nuna cewa actinium da radium emanation ma yi. Rutherford dangane da binciken sanya ta ta je muhimmanci karshe. Ya samu cewa alpha da beta haskoki emit duk rediyoaktif abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, su radioactivity rage-rage bayan wani lokaci. Bisa ga wadannan binciken shi yiwuwa a yi wani muhimmin zato. Duk aka sani kimiyya rediyoaktif abubuwa kamar kammala masanin kimiyya, wani ɓangare na daya iyali na kwayoyin halitta, da kuma rage na radioactivity za a iya dauka a matsayin tushen da rarrabuwa.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

A farko mace wanda aka bayar da Nobel Prize a cikin sunadarai, ya zama Mariya Kyuri. Yana da muhimmanci ga kimiyya ya faru a 1911. Nobel Prize a Chemistry aka bayar zuwa wurinta don ta gano polonium da radium kadaici da radium da nazari na sadarwa da kuma yanayi na karshe kashi. Maria aka haife shi a Poland, wasu lokaci daga baya ya koma Faransa. Shekaru ta rayuwa - 1867-1934. Curie zama na lashe kyautar Nobel, ba kawai a cikin sunadarai amma kuma a cikin kimiyyar lissafi (1903, a hade tare da Pierre Curie da Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri da fuska da cewa da mata a ta lokaci da aka rufe kusan hanya a kimiyya. A University of Warsaw bai yi su. Bugu da kari, da Curie iyali da yake matalauta. Duk da haka, Maryama ya 'iya samun mafi girma ilimi a Paris.

Major nasarori Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel gano a 1896 cewa uranium mahadi emit radiation cewa zai iya shiga warai. Radiation Becquerel, sabanin bude V. Roentgen a 1895 shekara, akwai sakamakon zumudi daga wasu waje Madogararsa. Shi ne wani ciki uranium dukiya. Mary sha'awar a cikin wannan sabon abu. A farkon 1898 ta soma nazarin shi. The bincike kokarin sanin ko akwai sauran abubuwa da cewa suna da ikon fitarwa na maniyyi wadannan haskoki. A Disamba 1898, Pierre kuma Mariya Kyuri gano biyu sabon abubuwa. Suka kira radium da polonium (bayan Marie mahaifarsa na Poland). Wannan ya biyo ta aiki a kan ware kansu da nazari na dũkiyõyinsu. A 1910, tare da Andre Marie Debirnom gano ƙarfe radium a cikin m form. Kuma haka dai aka kammala shekaru 12 da suka wuce fara jerin bincike.

Laynus Karl Poling

Wannan mutumin shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma da chemists. Nobel Prize ya samu a shekarar 1954 domin nazarin yanayin da sinadaran bond, kazalika da aikace-aikace domin sanin tsarin da mahadi.

Pauling ta rayuwa shekaru - 1901-1994. Ya aka haife shi a United States, Oregon (Portland). Kamar yadda mai bincike Pauling ya dogon karatu da X-ray crystallography. Ya yi mamakin yadda da haskoki ratsa cikin crystal, kuma akwai wata halayyar juna. A wannan adadi zai iya sanin ko atomic tsarin da abu. Amfani da wannan hanya, masana kimiyya suna nazarin yanayin da shaidu a cikin benzene da sauran aromatic mahadi.

A 1928 godu Pauling halitta hybridization ka'idar (rawa) da sinadaran bonding da ya auku a aromatic mahadi. A 1934, wani masanin kimiyyar ya juya, ya da hankali ga Biochemistry, musamman gina jiki Biochemistry. Tare da Alexander Mirsky ya halitta da ka'idar aiki da kuma gina jiki tsari. Tare da Ch Corwell wannan masanin kimiyya karatu da sakamakon oxygen jikewa (oxygenation) a kan Magnetic Properties na gina jiki haemoglobin. A shekarar 1942, bincike ya iya canza sinadaran tsarin na globulin (sunadarai a cikin jini). A shekarar 1951 godu Pauling da R. Corey buga aikin kishin kwayoyin tsarin sunadarai. Yana da sakamakon da aikin, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru 14. Amfani da X-ray crystallography yi nazarin sunadarai a tsoka, gashi, gashi, da kusoshi, kuma wasu kyallen takarda, da masana kimiyya sanya wani muhimmin samu. Sun gano cewa, da furotin da sarƙoƙi na amino acid juya a cikin wani karkace. Ya mai girma gaba a Biochemistry.

S. Hinshelwood da Semenov

Za ka yiwuwa so su sani ko akwai wani Rasha Nobel Prize a Chemistry. Ko da yake wasu daga mu compatriots an zabi ga wannan lambar yabo, kawai Semenov samu shi. Tare da Hinshelwood ya aka bayar da kyauta ga nazarin ginshikai na sinadaran halayen a 1956.

Hinshelwood - Burtaniya masanin kimiyyar (rai shekaru - 1897-1967). Babban ayyukan da ya yi, an dangantaka da binciken da sarkar halayen. Ya bincika a yi kama kima, kazalika da ginshikai na halayen da irin wannan.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (shekaru na rayuwa - 1896-1986) - Rasha sunadarai da kuma likita mai ban mamaki daga birnin Saratov. A farko kimiyya matsalar cewa da hankalin shi, ya ionized gas. The masanin kimiyya, har yanzu zama wata jami'a dalibi, rubuta da farko labarin game da collisions tsakanin kwayoyin da electrons. Bayan wani lokaci sai ya fara karatu mafi warai da matakai na recombination da dissociation. Haka kuma, ya zama sha'awar al'amurran da kwayoyin sandaro da adsorption na tururi faruwa a kan wani m surface. Nazarin da za'ayi su yiwu a sami dangantakar tsakanin surface zafin jiki a da sandaro ne da za'ayi, da kuma da yawa daga tururi. A 1934, masana kimiyya ya wallafa wani takarda a wadda ta nuna cewa da dama halayen, ciki har da Polymerization, ci gaba da wani inji ko branched sarkar halayen.

Robert Burns Woodward

All nasara na Nobel Prize a cikin sunadarai sun yi babban taimako ga kimiyya, amma R. Woodward tsaye a waje, daga gare su. Kyaututukan da ya samu suna da muhimmanci sosai a yau. Wannan masanin kimiyyar aka bayar da kyautar Nobel a shekarar 1965. Ya samu shi domin taimako a cikin filin na Organic kira. Shekaru na rayuwa Robert - 1917-1979. Ya aka haife shi a Amurka, a Amurka birnin Boston, dake Massachusetts.

A farko nasara a filin daga sunadarai Woodward aikata a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, sa'ad da yake da "Polaroid Corporation" kamfanin ba da shawara. Saboda yaki da shi bai isa quinine. Wannan anti-zazzabin cizon sauro miyagun ƙwayoyi da cewa an kuma yi amfani da ruwan tabarau yi. Woodward da kuma W. Doering, da takwaransa, da ciwon samuwa kayan da kuma misali kayan aiki riga bayan 14 watanni na aikin da za'ayi kira na quinine.

Bayan shekaru 3, tare da Schramm, wannan masanin kimiyya ne ya halitta mai gina jiki analogue ta shiga cikin wani dogon sarkar amino acid raka'a. A polypeptides samu a sakamakon wannan, an yi amfani da a samar da maganin rigakafi da kuma roba robobi. Bugu da kari, da su taimako, shi ya fara da za a yi karatu da furotin da metabolism. Woodward a 1951 ya fara aiki a kan kira na steroids. Daga cikin mahadi samu sun lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergic acid, bitamin B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Daga bisani, da yawa daga cikin mahadi ta shirya shi da kuma mambobi na Cibiyar "Ciba Corporation", wanda darakta ya kasance, ya fara da za a yi amfani da masana'antu. Nefalosporin C kasance daya daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci. An kwayoyin kamar penicillin, wanda aka yi amfani da cututtuka da lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin.

Our jerin sunayen masana kimiyya, aka bayar da shi a cikin 21st karni, da Nobel Prize a cikin sunadarai za a taimaka, a karo na biyu shekaru goma.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. bala'i

Wadannan masu bincike da aka bayar da ga ci gaban da sababbin hanyoyin interconnecting da carbon atoms gina hadaddun kwayoyin. Su aka bayar da Nobel Prize a Chemistry a 2010. Bala'i, da kuma Negishi - Amirkawa, da kuma Akira Suzuki - wani dan kasa na Japan. Burinsu shi ne halittar hadaddun kwayoyin sunadaran kwayoyin. A makaranta muka koyi cewa gudanar da mahadi an hada da carbon atoms cewa, samar da kwarangwal na kwayoyin. Na dogon lokaci masana kimiyya matsala shi ne cewa carbon atoms ne da wuya a hada tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta. Kara kuzari lissafi, Ya sanya daga palladium, gudanar da warware wannan matsala. A karkashin mataki na kara kuzari carbon atoms karfe hulɗa tare da juna ta samar da hadaddun kwayoyin Tsarin. Wadannan matakai suna karatu da kuma Nobel Prize Chemistry wannan shekara. Kusan lokaci guda, da dauki aka za'ayi, suna a cikin girmamawa daga cikin masana kimiyya.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (hoton sama), Kobilka, kuma Karplus - shi ke da suka lashe kyautar Nobel a Chemistry, a 2012. Wannan lambar yabo tafi uku, masana kimiyya da nazarin guda biyu G-furotin guda biyu rabe. Robert Lefkowitz - a {asar Amirka, wanda aka haifa Afrilu 15, 1943 Babban bangare na bincike aikin ne duqufar da bioreceptors da kuma canza su da sakonni. Lefkowitz aikin siffofin aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, tsarin da kuma jerin β-adrenergic rabe da kuma irin 2 kullum sunadaran ba: β-arrestin da GRK-kinase. Wannan masanin kimiyya a 1980 da kuma abokan aiki da za'ayi cloning na gene alhakin aiki na β-adrenergic tsoka mai amsa sigina.

B. Kobilka - zo daga Amurka. An haife shi a birnin Little Falls (Minnesota). Bayan samun digiri ya yi aiki a karkashin kulawa da mai bincike Lefkowitz.

Nobel Prize a Chemistry 2012 aka bayar to M. Karplus. An haife shi a Vienna a 1930. Karplus zo daga wani iyali Yahudawa, wanda ya matsa zuwa cikin Amurka tserewa zalunci daga Nazis. Babban yankin na gudanar da bincike na kimiyyar zama nukiliya Magnetic spectroscopy, jimla sunadarai da motsi na sunadarai matakai.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Bari yanzu mu juya ga yabon da 2013 Prize. Masana kimiyya Karplus (hoton da ke ƙasa), Uorshel Levitt kuma samu shi a baya da model na hadadden tsarin.

M. Levitt aka haife shi a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1947. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 16 da haihuwa, Michael ta iyali mayar da su cikin UK. A London, ya sa suna a 1967 a Royal College sa'an nan ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge. Aikinsa a Laboratory Kwayoyin Halitta Biology na Jami'ar alaka da halittar model na sifantu ta fuska uku na tRNA. Michael ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa hanyoyin da kwamfuta tallan kayan kawa da kuma nazarin daban-daban Tsarin sunadarai na gina jiki (mafi yawa sunadarai).

Nobel Prize a Chemistry 2013 aka bayar ga Ari ma Uorshelu. An haife shi a Palestine a 1940. A 1958-62 gg. ya yi aiki a cikin sahu na kyaftin a IDF, sa'an nan ya fara karatu a Urushalima Cibiyar. A 1970-72 gg. ya yi aiki a Weizmann Cibiyar aboki farfesa, kuma a shekarar 1991, ya zama wani farfesa a ilmin halitta da kuma sunadarai a Kudancin California. Uorshell dauki daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa mai aiki da na'urar kwamfuta enzymology - sashe na ilmin halitta. Ya yi karatu da tsarin da catalytic sunadaran da mataki, da kuma tsarin da enzyme kwayoyin.

Kjell S., E. da kuma W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel Prize a Chemistry 2014 aka bayar Merner, Eric Betzig da Helle. Wadannan masana kimiyya sun halitta sabon hanyoyin da bincike da madubin likita bayan da damar saba mana wani haske hange. Su sakamakon da damar mu yi la'akari da hanyar da kwayoyin a cikin sel na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Alal misali, ta hanyar wadannan hanyoyi, yana yiwuwa ya saka idanu da hali na sunadaran alhakin da ya faru na Parkinson ya cutar da kuma Alzheimer ta. A halin yanzu, bincike wadannan masana kimiyyar suna ƙara amfani da kimiyya da kuma magani.

Kjell aka haife shi a 1962, a {asar Romania. Shi ne mai dan kasa na Jamus a yau. Erik Bettsig aka haife shi a shekarar 1960 a Michigan. Uilyam Merner aka haife shi a 1953, a California.

Jahannama tun 1990s yi aiki a kan STED-bincike da madubin likita a kan maras wata-wata watsi tawayar. A farko Laser ya ruɗe da shi har sai kyalli da haske, gano da karɓa. Wani Laser da ake amfani domin inganta ƙuduri na na'urar. Merner da kuma Eric Betzig, Helle abokan aiki, wajen yin da kansa nasu bincike, suka kafa harsashen wani irin bincike da madubin likita. Muna magana ne game da guda-kwayoyin bincike da madubin likita.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric da kuma Aziz Sanjar

Nobel Prize a Chemistry 2015 aka bayar da Swede Lindahl, American Modric da Turk Sanjar. Masana kimiyya sun raba lada a tsakãninsu, da kansa bayyana da kuma bayyana da sunadaran da wanda Kwayoyin "gyarawa" DNA da kuma kare daga lalacewa da kwayoyin bayanai. Wannan abin da ya aka bayar da Nobel Prize a Chemistry a 2015.

A kimiyya al'umma a shekarun 1960s, an gamsu da cewa wadannan kwayoyin ne musamman m da kuma rayuwa da ya rage kusan canzawa. Dauke da fitar da bincike a Karolinska Institute, wani Masanin Lindahl (haife shi a shekara ta 1938) ya nuna cewa daban-daban lahani tara a cikin DNA. Wannan yana nufin cewa babu dole ne na halitta sunadaran ta hanyar da "gyara" da DNA din. Lindahl a 1974 samu wani enzyme abin da gusar lalace saitosin na su. A 1980-90s malamin, wanda ya koma zuwa lokacin da UK nuna yadda glycosylases. Wannan musamman kungiyar na enzymes gudanar da wani aiki a mataki na farko na DNA gyara. Kimiyya iya haifa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da tsari (da ake kira "excision gyara").

Cancanci da hankali, da kuma sauran yabon a Chemistry 2015 Nobel Prize. Aziz Sanjar aka haife shi a shekarar 1946 a Turkiyya. Ya samu ya likita digiri a Istanbul, sa'an nan ya yi aiki ga dama shekaru yankunan karkara likitoci. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1973, Aziz ya zama interested in Biochemistry. The masanin kimiyya da aka yi mamakin cewa kwayoyin cuta, bayan samun kashi na ultraviolet radiation, m ga su, da sauri mayar da ƙarfi, idan za'ayi sakawa a iska mai guba a cikin blue kewayon da bayyane kewayo. Tuni a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje Texas Sanjar gano da kuma cloned a gene na enzyme, wanda shi ne alhakin da kawar da sakamakon lalacewa daga ultraviolet (photolyase). Wannan samu a cikin 1970s, ba sa da yawa ban sha'awa a cikin jami'o'i of America, da kuma masanin kimiyya tafi Yale. A nan ne ya bayyana wani biyu tsarin "gyara" Kwayoyin bayan da suka yi aka fallasa riskar hasken ultraviolet.

Pol Modrich (haife 1946) aka haife shi a United States (New Mexico). Ya sami wani tsari ne da wadda aiwatar da cell division gyara kurakurai bayyana a cikin DNA a fission tsari.

Saboda haka, da muka riga ya san wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a Chemistry a 2015. Za mu iya kawai tsammani wanda za a girmama tare da wannan lambar yabo a gaba, a cikin shekara ta 2016. Da fatan, a nan gaba don ware da kuma Rasha masana kimiyya, zai zama akwai sabon Nobel Prize Chemistry na Rasha.