Sulfur halayyar. Aikace-aikace na sulfur. Medical sulfur

Chalcogens - kungiyar abubuwa tana nufin wani sulfur. Its sinadaran alama - S - harafin farko na Latin sunan Sulfur. Abun da ke ciki sauki abu rubuta wannan alama ce ba tare da index. Ka yi la'akari da babban maki bisa ga tsarin, Properties, shiri da kuma yin amfani da wannan kashi. sulfur siffofin za a gabatar a daki-daki kamar yadda zai yiwu.

Common fasali da kuma bambance-bambance chalcogen

Sulfur ya shafi wani subgroup na oxygen. Wannan ne 16th tawagar a cikin zamani dogon-lokaci samar da image na lokaci-lokaci tsarin (PS). M dakuna da kuma index - via. Sunayen da sinadaran abubuwa na kungiyar, da sinadaran alamomin:

• oxygen (Ya).
• sulfur (S).
• selenium (Se).
• Tellurium (Te).
• Polonium (Po).

A matsanancin electron harsashi abubuwa shirya sama guda. Ya ƙunshi dukkan shida valence electrons wanda zai iya shiga a cikin samuwar sinadaran shaidu da sauran kwayoyin halitta. Hydrogen mahadi da tsarin H ₂ R, msl, H ₂ S - hydrogen sulfide. Names of sinadaran abubuwa kafa tare da oxygen iri biyu mahadi: sulfur, selenium da tellurium. Janar dabarbari oxides daga wadannan abubuwa - RO _2, RO _3.

Chalcogen dace sauki abubuwa, abin da ya bambanta ƙwarai a cikin jiki svostvam. The fi na kowa a cikin ɓawon burodi na duk chalcogen - oxygen da kuma sulfur. A farko kashi ma'anar biyu gas, na biyu - da daskararru. Polonium - da rediyoaktif kashi - rare a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi. A cikin rukuni na oxygen zuwa polonium ƙarfe Properties rage da kuma karuwa da karfe. Alal misali, sulfur - hankula nonmetal da tellurium yana da wani ƙarfe luster da lantarki watsin.

№ kashi 16 daga cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin DI Mendeleev

A zumunta atomic nauyi sulfur - 32,064. Daga cikin na kowa halitta isotope ³² S (fiye da 95% by nauyi). Found a karami yawa nuclides da atomic taro na 33, 34 da kuma 36. Halayyar na sulfur a kan halin da ake ciki na MS da atomic tsarin:

• serial number - 16;
• lura da zarra ne 16;
• atomic radius - 0,104 nm.
• ionization makamashi na -10,36 maddî.
• zumunta electronegativity - 2.6.
• da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a mahadi - +6, +4, +2, -2.
• valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Sulfur ne a cikin uku lokaci. electrons a zarra suna located a uku makamashi matakan: na farko - 2, na biyu - 8, - da uku 6. valence electrons ne duk waje. Lokacin da hulda da abubuwa mafi electronegative sulfur ba 4 ko 6 electrons, nemowa hankula hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +6, 4. A halayen da hydrogen da wani karfe zarra fa, tã electrons bace biyu octets cika da cimma kwari jihar. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka a wannan harka da aka saukar zuwa -2.

The jiki Properties na rhombic da monoclinic allotropic siffofin

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, da sulfur kwayoyin halitta suna shiga tare a wani kwana a barga kewaye. Su za a iya rufe a wani zobe, wanda ya nuna wanzuwar cyclic sulfur kwayoyin. Abun da ke ciki na Formula gani S ₆ da S _8.

sulfur siffofin dole ne suna goyon bayan bayanin da bambance-bambance tsakanin allotropic gyare-gyare da ciwon daban-daban jiki Properties.

Rhombic ko α-sulfur - mafi barga crystalline form. Wannan haske rawaya lu'ulu'u, kunsha na kwayoyin S _8. rhombic sulfur yawa ne 2,07 g / cm3. Hasken rawaya lu'ulu'u na monoclinic form β-kafa sulfur a wata yawa daga 1,96 g / cm3. Tafasar batu kai 444,5 ° C.

Shiri na amorphous sulfur

Abin da launi ne sulfur a wani roba jihar? Wannan shi ne wani duhu Brown taro, quite kama da rawaya foda ko lu'ulu'u. Don samun shi, kana bukatar ka narke cikin rhombic ko monoclinic sulfur. A yanayin zafi sama da 110 ° C wani ruwa da aka kafa, yayin da kara dumama shi darkens a 200 ° C na zama da kauri da kuma danko sosai. Idan da sauri zuba na zubi sulfur a cikin ruwan sanyi, shi taurare ta samar da zig-ZAG sarƙoƙi, wanda tsarin nuna dabara S _n.

A solubility na sulfur

Wasu gyare-gyare na wani abu mai narkewa a cikin carbon disulfide, benzene, toluene ko ruwa ammonia. Idan sanyaya sannu a hankali kwayoyin mafita an sa'an nan a kafa monoclinic sulfur needles. Domin danshin ruwa ruwa na tsaya bayyananne lemun tsami-rawaya lu'ulu'u na rhombic sulfur. Su ne m, su za a iya sauƙi kara zuwa foda. Sulfur ne insoluble a ruwa. A lu'ulu'u nutse a kasa da jirgin ruwa, da kuma foda iya taso kan ruwa a farfajiya (ba wettable).

sinadaran Properties

A halayen aka nuna hankula nonmetallic kashi Properties № 16:

• sulfur oxidizes karafa da kuma hydrogen, an rage wa S ^2- ion.
• konewa na iska da kuma oxygen ake samar di- da sulfur trioxide, wanda suke acid anhydrides.
• ta dauki tare da wani karin electronegative kashi - fluoro - Sulfur kuma hasarar da electrons (oxidize).

Free sulfur a cikin yanayi

Kamar yadda ruwan dare na sulfur a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi ne a kan 15th wuri a cikin sinadaran abubuwa. A talakawan abun ciki na S kwayoyin halitta a kankara da kuma ma'adanai ne 0.05% by nauyi na ɓawon burodi.

Abin da launi ne sulfur a cikin yanayi ( 'yan qasar)? Wannan haske rawaya foda da halayyar wari ko yellow lu'ulu'u da ciwon gilashin luster. Adibas a cikin nau'i na adibas, da crystalline yadudduka da sulfur samu a yankunan na dā da na zamani volcanism a Italiya, Poland, yankin gabas ta tsakiya, Japan, Mexico, United States. Sau da yawa da hakar drusen ne mai kyau da kuma giant guda lu'ulu'u.

Hydrogen sulphide da oxides a cikin yanayi

A volcanic yankuna suna located a farfajiya na gaseous sulfur fili. Black Sea a zurfin fiye da 200 m ne m saboda rabuwa na hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S. The dabara divalent sulfur oxide - SO _2, trivalent - SO _3. Wadannan gaseous mahadi ba a cikin abun da ke ciki na wasu daga cikin mai, iskar gas, na halitta ruwaye. Sulfur ne kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki na ci. Wajibi ne domin gina da yawa Organic mahadi. Lokacin da putrefaction sunadarai na kaza qwai saki hydrogen sulfide, don haka shi ne sau da yawa ya bayyana cewa, gas wari rududdugaggu qwai. Sulfur nasa ne da biogenic abubuwa, wajibi ne ga ci gaban da kuma ci gaban mutum, dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke.

Muhimmancin halitta sulphides da sulphates

Halaye na sulfur zai zama bai cika ba idan ba a ce da rabi aka samu ba kawai a cikin wani nau'i na sauki abu da kuma oxide. Mafi na kowa halitta mahadi - shi ne mai gishiri da sulfuric acid da kuma hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides da tagulla, da baƙin ƙarfe, tutiya, Mercury, kai samu a cikin abun da ke ciki na ma'adanai chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, kuma cinnabar. Daga sulfates za a iya ambata sodium, alli, barium da magnesium salts wanda ya samar da yanayi a ma'adanai ne da duwatsu (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). Duk wadannan mahadi aka yi amfani da daban-daban sassa na tattalin arziki, an yi amfani da matsayin albarkatun kasa ga masana'antu aiki, gargajiya, yi kayan. Great likita darajar wasu crystalline.

liyafar

yellow dũkiyõyinsu a cikin free jihar ta auku a cikin yanayi daban-daban a zurfin. Idan ya cancanta, da sulfur da aka narke daga duwatsu ba tare da kiwon da su zuwa ga surface, yayin da yin famfo zurfin superheated tururi da kuma matsa iska. Wani Hanyar unshi da sublimation na murƙushe kankara a musamman Tanderu. Sauran hanyoyin unsa da rushe carbon disulfide ko flotation.

Industry bukatun Sulfur manyan, don haka ya samu ta elemental abu amfani fili. A hydrogen sulfide da sulfide sulfur ne a rage form. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar na kashi ne daidai -2. Sulfur hadawan abu da iskar shaka ne da za'ayi ta kara darajar da 0. Alal misali, Hanyar LeBlanc sodium sulfate an rage wa sulfide carbon. Sa'an nan kuma ya ke samu daga alli sulfide, shi ne bi da tare da carbon dioxide da water vapour. A sakamakon hydrogen sulfide aka oxidized da yanayi oxygen a gaban mai kara kuzari: 2h ₂ S + O ₂ = 2h ₂ Ya + 2s. Tabbatar da dalilin da sulfur samu a hanyoyi daban-daban, wani lokacin ba low tsarki Manuniya. Refining ko tsarkakewa ne da za'ayi ta barasan, gyãrawa, aiki garwayayye na acid.

A amfani da sulfur a zamani masana'antu

Granular sulfur ke zuwa daban-daban samarwa bukatun:

1. Shiri na sulfuric acid a cikin sinadaran masana'antu.
2. Production sulfites da sulfates.
3. Saki shirye-shirye domin barbarar shuke-shuke, cuta da kuma kwari.
4. Sulfur-dauke da ores a hako ma'adinai da kuma sinadaran da tsire-tsire sarrafa for nonferrous karafa. Concomitant samarwa ne sulfuric acid.
5. A gabatarwar da wasu maki na karfe don goya musamman Properties.
6. Saboda vulcanizing roba samu roba.
7. Production ashana, pyrotechnics, nakiyoyi.
8. Yi amfani da shiri na paints, pigments, roba zaruruwa.
9. Bleaching yadudduka.

Yawan guba na sulfur da mahadi

Dusts barbashi da ciwon wani m wari, hangula mucous membranes na hanci kogo da kuma numfashi fili, da idanu da kuma fata. Amma elemental sulfur yawan guba ba a dauke musamman high. Inhalation na hydrogen sulfide da dioxide iya sa mai tsanani guba.

Idan ƙõnuwa sulfur-dauke da tama a smelters shaye gas ba makale, suka shigar da yanayi. Sadar da saukad da ruwa tururi, sulfur oxides da nitrogen ba Yunƙurin ga abin da ake kira acid ruwan sama.

Sulfur da mahadi a noma

Tsire-tsire cinye sulphate ions tare da gona bayani. Rage sulfur abun ciki take kaiwa zuwa wani jinkirin saukar a kore Kwayoyin metabolism na amino acid da sunadaran. Saboda haka sulfates amfani ga barbarar noma amfanin gona.

Don disinfect kaji gidaje, cellars, kayan lambu Stores sauki abu ƙone ko bi da tare da hanyoyin zamani shan kwayoyin sulfa. sulfur oxide mallaka antimicrobial Properties cewa sun dade samu aikace-aikace a samar da ruwan inabi a lokacin da adana kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itãce. sulfur kwayoyi suna amfani da magungunan kashe qwari domin iko da cututtuka da kuma kwari (powdery fumfuna, da gizo-gizo mites).

Amfani da magani

Babban muhimmanci ga nazarin da magani Properties na rawaya foda ya girma likitoci na tsufa Avicenna da Paracelsus. Yana daga baya aka ƙaddara cewa mutum yana ba da samun isasshen sulfur daga abinci raunana, fuskantar matsalar lafiya (da suka hada da itching da kuma flaking na fata, gashi kuma kusoshi weakening). Gaskiyar ita ce, ba tare da sulfur sosai kira na amino acid, keratin, biochemical matakai a cikin jiki.

Medical sulfur kafa a cikin maganin shafawa domin lura da fata cututtuka: kuraje, eczema, psoriasis, alerji, seborrhea. Baho tare da sulfur iya canja da zafi na rheumatism da gout. Domin mafi alhẽri sha by jiki don ƙirƙirar ruwa mai narkewa shan kwayoyin sulfa. Wannan ba wani rawaya foda, wani m crystalline farin abu. Domin waje aikace-aikace wannan fili da aka gudanar a kwaskwarima ga fata kula.

Gypsum ya dade da aka yi amfani da immobilization da suka ji rauni sassa na jiki. Glauber ta gishiri da aka wajabta a matsayin laxative magani. Magnesia lowers jini da cewa an yi amfani da magani na hauhawar jini.

Sulfur a tarihi

Ko a zamanin da nonmetallic abu rawaya furanni jawo hankalin wani mutum ta da hankali. Amma kawai a 1789, babban sunadarai Lavoisier samu cewa foda da lu'ulu'u samu a cikin yanayi, hada da sulfur kwayoyin halitta. An yi imani da cewa malodor tasowa a lokacin da konewa, repels dukkan sharri. Formula sulfur oxide, wanda aka samu ta hanyar konewa, - SO ₂ (silica). Wannan mai guba gas inhalation shi ne kawo hadari ga kiwon lafiya. Da dama lokuta na taro nau'i nau'i na dukan kauyuka na mutane a kan iyakar, a cikin filayen kwari na masana kimiyya bayyana kasafi na ƙasar, ko ruwa hydrogen sulphide ko sulfur dioxide.

Da sabuwar dabara na gunpowder ya karu sha'awa a cikin rawaya lu'ulu'u da soja. Mutane da yawa fadace-fadace da aka lashe saboda da ikon na Masters hada sulfur da sauran abubuwa a cikin yi da nakiyoyi. A mafi muhimmanci fili - sulfuric acid - kuma koyi yadda za a yi amfani da wani sosai tsawon lokaci. A tsakiyar zamanai, shi ne wani abu da ake kira mai na vitriol da kuma gishiri - sulfate. Copper sulfate ne CuSO _{4 da} na baƙin ƙarfe sulfate FeSO ₄ ne har yanzu ba a rasa su muhimmanci a masana'antu da kuma aikin noma.