Tarihi na samu na girmamãwa na'urorin. The na'urar magnification

Ta yaya da kyau ka san girman siffar da na'urorin? 5 aji na makarantar sakandare - wannan lokaci, a lokacin da muka fara saduwa da su. A darussan da yara koyon mafi asali na na'urar da halittawa. Kuna so ya zurfafa su ilmi daga gare su? Ko watakila kana shirya wani darasi a kan "Magnifiers" (Grade 5)? A cikin wani hali, muna da wani abu in gaya maka.

tsoho ruwan tabarau

Tarihi na samu magnification fara a cikin m baya. Har muka isa wani babban plano-convex ruwan tabarau - daya daga cikin tsofaffin. Its diamita - 55 mm da kuma mai da hankali tsawon - game da 150 mm. Yana da aka yi na dutse crystal for 2,5 dubu. BC. e. Yana da aka samu a 1890 a lokacin tono na Schliemann na Troy. Aƙalla 600-400 shekaru. BC. e. Mun fara sarrafa gilashi ruwan tabarau. Su da aka samu a Sargon (wannan Mesofotamiya). A Sweden, da biyu ruwan tabarau diamita na 5 cm da aka samu a 1877, shi ne convex a garesu. Yana nufin da shekara 500 BC. e. Za ka iya tafi a kan kuma a kan jerin mafi tsufa ruwan tabarau, wanda masu bincike sun gano. Tarihi na samu na magnification yana da yawa facts. Duk da wannan, game da yadda suka kasance a cikin waɗancan kwanaki, za mu iya kawai yayata.

Gudunmawar da Roger Bacon

Modern malaman saba da cikakken bayanin ruwan tabarau sanya ta Roger Bacon, wani m na Franciscan domin (shekaru na rayuwa - 1214-1294 gg.). Ya kasance mai digiri na biyu daga jami'ar Oxford University, kuma ya kasance sananne a matsayin wani shahararren zurfin tunani da kuma malamin. Lens, bisa ga aikinsa, amfani da Ya shimfiɗa image. Translation of wani ɓaɓɓake daga cikin ayyukan nuna cewa Bacon ya iya daidai bayyana aikin da ruwan tabarau, wanda aiki a matsayin wani kuma baya da telephoto ruwan tabarau (shi ne mai gani bayanin daya bangaren na bututu).

The abin yabo da Galileo Galilei

Tarihi na samu na girmamãwa na'urorin ba abu mai yiwuwa ba tare da cewa mutum da sunan. Aƙalla shekaru 300 bayan mutuwar Bacon, Galileo Galilei, sanannen masanin kimiyya daga Italiya, da ya halitta irin wannan bututu. Ba ta kasance ba uku, kuma biyu-bangaren. Kusan "takwarorina" a kawo nesa kusa ne a hange. An yi imani da cewa shi gare ta bayyanar zuwa ƙasar Galili. Galileo tura da kawo nesa kusa da kuma lura da cewa kananan abubuwa kamar wannan na iya zama mai kyau karuwa. D. Viviani ya tabbatar da cewa madubin da aka kirkiro da Galileo. Viviani, ta hanyar, rubuta a biography na Italian masanin kimiyya.

An muhimmin taron domin kimiyya labarin na samu magnification aka bayar a 1625. A sa'an nan da Faber, memba na Roman Academy, buga da Kalmar "microscope" dangane da sabuwar dabara sanya ta Galileo.

Mũ ne Muka halitta Drebel da Alkmar, da na raya Attaura da kuma Hooke

Tarihi na samu na microscope ci gaba da aiki da kuma K. Drebelya Alkmara. Wadannan Dutch masana kimiyya sun gina wani na'urar cewa kunshi biyu convex ruwan tabarau. Tare da wannan hoton na abu, wanda aka dauke shi a ƙasa, shi da aka gabatar juye. Wannan fili microscope, wanda ya ninki biyu ko plano eyepiece da lenticular ruwan tabarau ne dauke da wani precursor fili microscopes daga baya lokacin (daya daga cikinsu da aka gabatar a kasa a cikin photo).

Italian Attaura kusa 1660 samar siffar zobe girman siffar gilashin daskararre gilashin saukad. Tarihi na samu na microscope ba abu mai yiwuwa ba tare da wannan sunan ba, tun da Italian magnifier girmama abubuwa a yarda a rabi sau dubu.

Kake magana game da wani abu da wani sunan - Robert Guk? Wannan Birtaniya masanin kimiyyar ya sanya mai girma taimako ga gano girmamãwa na'urorin. Robert Guk inganta su sosai cewa shi ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. Students Hooke microscope photo da aka nuna a kasa.

Godiya ga wannan sabuwar dabara, a 1665, Robert ya iya gani na farko cell a kan wani sashe na toshe. Saboda haka, wani muhimmin fasaha wajen samun irin wannan kimiyya a matsayin ilmin halitta. Girman siffar da na'urorin ci gaba da inganta Leeuwenhoek. Kuma gaya game da shi.

Leeuwenhoek da kyaututukan da ya samu

Gagarumin taimako ga tarihi na magnification gabatar A. V. Levenguk, a Dutchman wanda ya rayu a wani gari kamar Delft. Shekaru ransa - 1632-1723 gg. Ya da kansa tsara da kuma amfani da wani sauki microscope nazarin (daya daga cikin model na wadannan na'urorin da aka nuna a kasa) cewa za a iya ƙara har zuwa uku sau ɗari.

Yana Leeuwenhoek shi ne na farko bayanin microscopic kwayoyin (ciki har da kwayoyin cuta da kuma unicellular), bisa laákari da lura. A 1698, Bitrus I, Rasha Tsar, kai ziyara ga shahararrun Explorer. Bitrus yana a lokacin da Netherlands da kuma aka sani ya yi sha'awar a cikin kome sabon. Domin ya Kunstkammer, suka bude a St. Petersburg, ya sayi dama hadaddun da sauki microscopes. Kuma da yawa daga baya, bayan da bude daga cikin Academy of Sciences, su aka sanya a zubar da cikin kungiyar.

The ayyukan Rasha masana kimiyya daga Academy of Sciences

A darasi "Magnifiers" Ya kamata kuma sun hada da labarin daga cikin nasarori a kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta wakilan kasar mu. Alamar rahama Rasha masana kimiyya wanda aikin jagorancin MV Lomonosov, ya fara da za a yi amfani da nazarin halittu bincike sayansu da Bitrus I microscopes. Kuma a sa'an nan suka dauki wani aiki sashi a cikin kyautata.

Bude magnification ci gaba a 1747. A sa'an nan da Euler, memba na Academy of Sciences na St. Petersburg (shekaru na rayuwa -. 1707-1783 gg), samarwa da amfani da wata microscope achromatic ruwan tabarau. Da muhimman hakkokin aikin wannan masanin kimiyya a fagen geometrical kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta - "Dioptrics". Ya kunshi uku kundin, wanda aka buga a 1769-1771 gg. A sabon microscope ya achromatic, aka saki a 1802, bayan da aikin da aka buga Elinusa (kuma memba na Academy of Sciences na St. Petersburg).

Irin wannan microscope a lokacin da yake cikakke zuwa mutuža cewa masana kimiyya ba su ma da damar da tunani cewa shi za a iya inganta. Wannan samu sa quite a dama a lokacin. The na'urar magnification Elinusa ya kamar haka. Suna bayar da shida ruwan tabarau, shi yiwuwa a kara da canji smoothly canza nesa daga abu zuwa ga image. Yana da yake a kasar mu da aka haife, kuma ya zama gaskiya a gare wani muhimmin kimiyya ra'ayin achromatic microscope tare da m magnification. Duk da haka, wannan shiri domin kara aukuwa ba kama. Canza ƙara da na'urar da ganga tsawon tsari, duk da haka, shi ya kasance wani muhimmin ra'ayin cewa ya yi wani gagarumin taimako ga tarihi na ci gaba da Tantancewar na'urorin. Yau ne daya daga microscopes halitta Elinusom, za a iya gani a Polytechnic Museum a Moscow, wanda nasa ne da Cibiyar Tarihin, Natural Kimiyya da Fasaha. A hoto a kasa ya nuna da girman siffar da na'urorin na zuwa 18th karni.

Bugu da ari kyautata na microscopes

I. G. Tideman, wani Jamus mai yin tabarau daga birnin Stuttgart, a cikin farkon karni na 19th ya fara ga halittar biyu achromatic hange. Dorpat University (yanzu shi ne Tartu sunan) ya ba shi kudi don gudanar da wani aiki. A 1808 aka bayar da wadannan na'urori.

A 1807, wata shekara kafin halittar achromatic microscope, Van Dale Dutch mai yin tabarau, da aka buga masa aiki. Shi ne mai bayanin irin zane na achromatic microscope, halitta shi. Yammacin Turai masana tarihi yi imani da cewa na farko da irin wannan kayan a m ingancin da aka halitta da wannan masanin kimiyya hange. Duk da haka, shi ne a duk mutunta baya zuwa yi Elinusom. Af, achromatic microscopes J. Fraunhofer, bayar a shekarar 1811, su ne ma fi ajizai zane, idan ka kwatanta su da microscopes Elinusa.

Rasha microscopes a cikin karni na 19th

A farkon rabin karni na 19th, girman siffar da na'urorin riga ta samar a wurare da dama a duniya. A Rasha, su samar da ya fara a cikin 18th karni, duk da haka, ya kwanta zuwa farkon karni na 19th. An sani cewa a shekarar 1820 a fairly high quality-microscopes haifar da wata bitar ga masana'antu na kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, shi ne, a Jami'ar Kazan. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba su ga m ci gaba da masana'antu a Rasha, a matsayin gwamnatin da cewa lokaci ya yi ĩmãni da cewa mafi kyau zaɓi ne in saya girman siffar da na'urorin a} asashen waje.

Gudunmawar zuwa kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta da kuma Giambattista Amici

Amichi Dzhambattista (shekaru na rayuwa - 1786-1863 gg.) - sanannen Italian masanin kimiyya mai yin tabarau, falaki da botanist. Shekaru masu yawa na rayuwarsa ya kishin ci gaban bincike da madubin likita. A 1827 Amici kansa tsara da kuma sanya achromatic ruwan tabarau, wanda yana da wani budewa na 0,60 da kuma mai kyau aberration gyara. Wannan guda masanin kimiyya a 1844 ya fara fuskanta a aikace-aikace na mai ruwa-ruwa da kuma man immersions. Godiya a gare su, aka kaddamar da ruwan tabarau da mai lamba budewa na 1,30 da kuma ruwa nutsewa.

microscopes Abbe

Na'urori tare da mai nutsewa da wani budewa na 1.50 (wanda ake amfani da wannan rana) aka fara ta wurin aikin Ernst Abbe, wani Jamus kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. Ya ƙirƙira da ba tare da doka, da wadda aka shafe coma lura a kananan mikakke filayen. E. Abbe ci gaba wajen samar da ka'idar da Dabarar magnification. Ya bayyana wannan batu da kuma warware ikon da wadannan na'urori. Abbe shi ne shugaban aiki don ƙirƙirar jerin high quality achromatic hange. Da suka isa lamba budewa na 1.50. Wadannan kayan da aka bayar da kamfanin Jena "Karl Zeiss" (1872). A wannan kamfanin karkashin jagorancin E. Abbe sanya 8 Apo. Kuma a 1888, ta ma'aikata sun ɓullo da Apo, wanda yana da wani budewa na 1,60 da ya monobromnaftalinovuyu nutsewa.

Recent cimma gaci a kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta

Rasha masana kimiyya D. S. Rozhdestvensky kuma L. I. Mandelshtam Ernst ɓullo da ka'idar cikin rubuce-rubucen. An muhimmanci abin yabo na Kirsimeti shi ne cewa ya gabatar da ra'ayi na gwada incoherent haske. R. Richter, "Karl Zeiss" ma'aikaci na kamfanin, ya ci gaba da samu a lamban kira ga na musamman lighting na'urar amfani a cikin hange. Duk da haka, don wannan rana gaggawa matsalar da mafi kyau duka rabo zabin da m ruwan tabarau da kuma lighting tsarin. Domestic microscopes yau ne kamar yadda mai kyau a matsayin ranar da fasaha zane da kuma Tantancewar sigogi na na'ura, halitta ta shahara kamfanonin kasashen waje.

Saboda haka, mun takaita tarihin asalin zamani microscopes. Developing darasi "Magnifiers" (aji 5), za ka iya amfani da bayar da bayanai a cikin labarin.