The aiki tsarin - mai aiki-sabis tsarin ... Feature

The aiki tsarin - a tsarin na noma mallaki gidaje a Rasha a karo na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th - farkon karni na 20th, kaya da kuma aiki na manoma domin ƙasar haya, .. Loans kudi ko gurasa, domin itace kayan, sauƙi, da dai sauransu Iri na raya ci gaban tsarin da aka gona da kuma gona. Ma'anar kalmar "hakar ma'adinai" a cikin Dictionary - da aiki na manoma, a kan ƙasa, daga cikin mallaki gidaje a matsayin biyan bashin ƙasar haya bayan da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom.

ƙasar tenancy

Gona - da wani irin ƙasar haya inda haya biya wa mai shi daga cikin rabo na amfanin gona. An halin yafi a cikin pre-jari hujja da kuma underdeveloped jari hujja siffofin amfani da kananan kera. Ana zargin capitalism yanayi ne wani nau'i na mika mulki daga mulkin gargajiya yanayin na ƙasar haya zuwa jari hujja. Gona har yanzu ci gaba a wasu kasashe a matsayin relic na feudalism (Amurka, Italiya, ta Kudu-West France, Spain). A da yawa m kasashen da shi yana da wani abu matsayi a matsayin wani nau'i na haya.

gona

Gona - da wani irin gona, inda haya ga ƙasar nufi mai shi, shi ne rabin amfanin gona. Wannan hanya na noma ne ƙwarai, da na kowa, musamman a cikin baki ƙasa yankuna na kudancin Rasha.

Raya ci gaban Halaye na tsarin

Iri na cin gaba da tsarin ne musamman bambancin. Akwai aka haka da ake kira podesyatinnye albashi izdelny haya, aiki da kewayen filaye (daya hunturu da kuma daya zakar zakar bazara) - a cikin wannan harka manoma ijarar for kudi don aiwatar da masu 'ƙasa da nasu aiwatarwa. Wani lokaci manoma ɗauki gurasa, ko aron kudi, mubãya'a a kan aiki tare ta amfani biya. Wannan irin wakiltar wani halayyar alama: aiki-sabis tsarin - Semi-mulkin gargajiya nau'i na noma, saka riba, kangin haya.

Wani lokaci manoma aiki "ga sauƙi" (shan da alhakin cika da azãba wajabta doka ta ga sauƙi), kawai aiki "na girmamawa" - domin abinci, kusan kome ba, don haka kamar yadda ba su rasa wani damar na samun daga gidan haya. A karshe, tartsatsi aka aiki fita a cikin nau'i na gona.

Mene ne aiki-sabis tsarin a tarihi?

The biyu post-gyare-gyare shekarun da suka gabata, da mai masauki tattalin arzikin, akwai wani miƙa mulki ga jari hujja siffofin ƙasar ikon mallakar in koma domin mulkin gargajiya. Yana zo don maye gurbin tsohon aiki-sabis tsarin - wannan shi ne jigon abin da yake cewa da kewaye manoma ya fara noma da mai masauki ta ƙasar da nasu aiwatarwa da kuma dauki shi.

Bambanci da serfdom ya nan cewa manomi na yanzu ya shiga contractual dangantakar da maigidan haya, kuma shi ne riga mai free mutum. Mun fara aiki kasuwar dokokin na samar da bukatar. Duk da haka, aiki-sabis tsarin yana da nasa drawbacks. Tun lokacin da maigidan haya a gaskiya a kenkenewa, shi ne sau da yawa ya yi shibtar da wani sharuddan da manoma, wadda ta ba da wani sabon tsarin bauta. The aiki tsarin - wani sakamako na landlessness na manoma da za'ayi bayan da 1861 gyara, kazalika da matsa lamba na ya sauka kadarori.

Hakkin lokacin da simintin gyaran kafa

Data dauka daga daban-daban kafofin nuna cewa bonded kuma raya ci gaban haya Hakkin ko da yaushe ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da na jari hujja "free" haya. Halitta haya mafi karfi da ci gaba a cikin matalautan baƙauye kungiyoyin, kuma an tilasta wa hayan wani baƙauye wanda ba zai iya tsayayya da canji a cikin gona ma'aikata.

M manoman kuma ayan dauki ƙasar da kudi. The m neman yin kudi ga haya, game da shi, rage kudin na ƙasar kudin. A talakawan fee don aiki na manoma da nasu aiwatar da wani zakar hatsi da aka 6 rubles. (Data daga 1883-1891 gg. A cikin baki duniya bel). Free aiki da aka kiyasta a matsayin 6 rubles. 19 kopecks. kawai don aiki a kan kafar, ba tare da shan la'akari da doki ta aiki (da za a biya dabam a kalla 4 rubles. 50 kopecks.).

Yaduwar na raya ci gaban tsarin

Land masu kawo babban amfani ga hayan "yanke-kashe" na baƙauye Holdings. Saboda haka, a cikin tsakiyar baki-duniya bel, inda segments lissafta ga wani gagarumin rabo daga ƙasar, aiki-sabis tsarin ne mafi m. Bugu da kari, cikin gona a cikin wannan yankin da aka yawanci m, a cikin ra'ayi na iyakance kama kifi damar.

A cikin masana'antu lardunan Black Duniya yankin da kuma a kudancin Rasha a farkon biyu shekarun da suka gabata bayan da gyara, akwai wani miƙa mulki ga wani jari hujja tsarin tattalin arziki, amfani da hayar aiki da kuma inganta aikin noma dabaru. Wani misali na irin wannan aiki shi ne noma A. N. Engelgardta aka bayyana a cikin "Haruffa daga kauye".

Kasa ne a tebur game da 80s na karni na 19th (data Anienskogo NF), cikinsa da rabo daga nuna cigaban da jari hujja siffofin noma.

Daga tebur da shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa a cikin shekaru 80 na karni na 19th a Rasha a kan dukan tsarin jari hujja na noma shi ne ya fi yawa fiye da na cin gaba. Aiki daga na farko da irin (a lokacin da manoma za'ayi aiki tare da nasu aiwatarwa) aka maye gurbinsu da simintin gyaran kafa na biyu irin (matalauci manomi iya amfani mallaki gidaje kaya). Juyin Halitta na noma ta'allaka daidai a cikin gwamnatin rikon kwarya na farko da aiki kashe na biyu irin, sa'an nan zuwa ga yin amfani da jari hujja sakamako. A rikicin shekaru na harka na "backsliding," sa'an nan shi yana farawa sake fi. Masana tarihi lura da lamarinsa, saboda aiki-sabis tsarin - wanda da cewa ci gaba da zama har sai farkon karni na 20th.

Disadvantages raya ci gaban tsarin

Wannan noma Hanyar iya zama idan mai ƙasa ya fi riba don su yi ijara da wani bautar baƙauye fiye da wani farar hula ma'aikaci. Yana jinkirta ci gaban fasaha, tun lokacin amfani da baya da baya dabarun noma faru adana low noma. A sakamakon da aka low yawan aiki, t. Don. The yawan amfanin ƙasa a kan gonaki na gidan haya da ake ji na cin gaba tsarin da aka ƙananan ko fiye da baƙauye allotments.

Mining kai ga lalata da impoverishment na manoma, musamman tsakiyar aji, wanda ya kasance mafi shiga a cikin wannan tsarin tattalin arziki. Ba mamaki, da wannan tsarin namo da lokaci rasa ma'anarta, bada hanya zuwa more zamani, jari hujja siffofin.