Franz Josef Land. Franz Josef Land ne tsibirin. Franz Josef Land Tours

Ƙasar Franz Josef, wanda tsibirinsa (da kuma 192) na da iyakar murabba'in kilomita 16,134. Km, yana cikin Arctic Ocean. Mafi yawan yankin Arctic yana daga cikin yankin Primorsky na yankin Arkhangelsk. A geographically, an raba shi zuwa manyan sassa uku: gabas, tsakiya da yamma. Na farko ya hada da tsibirin Wilczek Land (2,000 sq. Km.) Kuma Graham-Bell (1,700 sq. Km). An raba su daga sauran ta hanyar Austrian Straits. The most da yawan rukuni na tsibirin dake a tsakiyar ɓangare. An wanke shi da Birtaniya ta Birtaniya da Tsarin Austrian. A tsarin da yammacin yankin hada da most tsibirin da ƙawance - George Land yanki na 2.9 dubu sq. M. Km. Ƙasar ƙasar Franz Josef a mafi yawancin wuraren tana da ɗakin kwana, kamar farar ƙasa. Matsakantaccen tsayinta ya kai 400-490 m, kuma mafi girman matsayi shine 620 m.

Sane

Kasancewar tsibirin tsibirin a gabashin Spitsbergen an ba da annabci ba daga wani masanin kimiyyar Rasha mai yawa: na farko Lomonosov, sannan Shilling da Kropotkin suka bi. Kuma karshen wannan a 1871 ya gabatar wa kamfanin rukuni na Rasha da shirinsa na bincike don bincike, amma gwamnati ta ki ya ba da kudi. An gano Franz Josef Landan tarin tsibirin kawai da zarar. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da aikin Austro-Hungary, karkashin jagorancin J. Payer da K. Weiprecht, suka tashi a 1872 don bunkasa Hanya ta Arewa. Duk da haka, ana kama jirginsu a kankara, kuma a hankali ya kasance a yammacin Novaya Zemlya. A 1873, a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan, masanin Admiral Tegetgoff ya kai ga yankunan da ba a sani ba. A lokaci guda, Payer da Weiprecht sun gwada arewacin kudanci da kudanci. Kafin wannan, inda Franz Josef Land yake, babu wanda ya san. A watan Afrilun 1874, Mai Biyan bashi ya kai wani matsayi tare da haɗin 82 ° 5 'arewacin latitude. Har ila yau, ya tattara wani zane na farko na tarin tsibiri. A wannan lokacin, masu bincike sunyi tunanin cewa akwai kungiyoyi masu yawa. Kasashen da aka bude sunaye ne bayan sanannen Franz Josef I, masarautar Austrian.

Jagora

A 1873, Payer da Weiprecht sun bincika kudancin yankin, kuma a cikin bazara na 1874 suka keta shi daga kudanci zuwa arewa akan sledgeges. A lokaci guda, Franz Josef Land an fara nuna shi a fili. Taswirar, kamar yadda ya fito daga baya, yana da yawa kurakurai. A cikin shekarun 1881-1882. Yankin Scotsman BL Smith ya ziyarci filin jirgin sama na "Eyra". Kuma a shekarun 1895-1897. Frederick Jackson ya yi nazari sosai a cikin kudancin yammaci, tsakiya da kudancin bangarorin. Daga baya sai ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi nau'i mai yawa na tsibirin fiye da yadda aka sa ran. Duk da haka, ba su da mahimmanci a cikin girman fiye da sanarwa kan taswirar Payer.

Kusan a daidai wannan lokacin da Nansen da Johansen suka ziyarci arewa maso gabas da tsakiyar yankunan tsibirin. A watan Yunin 1896, an gano Nansen a Norway. Northbrook wintering Frederick Jackson. A lokacin rani na 1901, Mataimakin Admiral SO Makarov ya ziyarci yankunan kudu maso yamma da kudancin tsibirin. A lokacin aikin, an kafa kimanin girman girman ƙasar duka. Sa'an nan a shekarun 1901-1902. Binciken bincike ya ci gaba da jagoranci masana kimiyyar Amurka Baldwin da Ziegler. Biye da su daga 1903 zuwa 1905. An shirya wani sabon shiri don isa gabar kankara. Ta jagorancin Ziegler da Fial. A cikin lokaci daga 1913 zuwa 1914 a Bay of Tikhaya kusa da tsibirin Hooker, aikin ƙungiyar gine-gine G. Ya. Sedov. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1914, mambobi ne na ƙarshe na ƙaura Brusilov - Albanov da Konrad - sun kai ga tsohon tushe na Jackson-Harmsworth. An located a Cape Flora o. Northbrook. A nan ne, 'yan majalisa suka ceto su ta hanyar mai suna "Saint Fock".

Kasancewa zuwa Rasha da ci gaba da bunkasa

A shekara ta 1914, a nemo ƙungiyar G. Ya. Sedov, tsibirin ya ziyarci tsibirin ta hanyar tafiya da Islyamov ya jagoranci. Ya kuma bayyana yankin yankin na Rasha kuma ya tayar da flag. A 1929, a cikin Tikhaya Bay, Fr. Masana kimiyyar Soviet sun bude tashar kimiyyar kimiyya ta farko. Na gode da ita, Franz Josef Land tun daga lokacin ya fara karbar bakuncin fasinjoji na Soviet kowace shekara. A cikin shekaru 50. Karni na ashirin aka sake tsarafa ƙungiyoyin radar dakarun tsaron gida. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ɗauki Franz Josef Land. Rundunar soja ta kasance a kan. Graham Bell. A nan an samo kamfanin raba radar na 30 da kamfanonin jiragen sama daban. A karshen sun yi aiki da icefield. Amma waɗannan ba dukkanin abubuwa ne da Franz Josef Land ke mallaka ba. Tsibirin Alexandra ya karbi kamfanin radar mai suna 31 na "Nugarskaya". Wadannan raka'a sun kasance daga cikin yankunan arewacin Soviet. A farkon 90 na. An ba su ruwa. A shekara ta 2008, a lokacin bincike kan wani gilashin gwanin atomatik da aka kira "Yamal", wani mai fita daga Fr. Northbrook wani bangare ne na ƙasar. A cikin girmamawa ga kyaftin din Arctic an kira shi bayan Yuri Kuchiev. Ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar 2012, ta hanyar shirin na AARI, da aka yi amfani da makaman nukiliya, "Rasha", aka bude wani rabuwa. Northbrook.

Yawan yawan jama'a

A kan Franz Josef Land, babu mazauna gari da mazaunin dindindin. Ruwan wucin gadi na yawan jama'a ya haɗa da masu tsaron iyakar FSB, ma'aikatan wuraren bincike. Lokaci-lokaci, masu hidimar tsaro na iska suna rayuwa a nan. Suna daukar nauyin kare makamai masu linzami na arewacin Rasha. A cewar rahotanni, a shekara ta 2005 an bude tashar mai girma na Mala'iku 163,100 a kan tsibirin Hayes. Lokacin aikinsa ya zama sa'a daya kawai, daga 10 zuwa 11 hours daga Talata zuwa Jumma'a. Bisa ga bayanai a watan Satumba na 2013, a cikin jerin litattafai 163100 akwai gidan waya "Arkhangelsk" (Hayes Island, Franz Josef Land). Ayyukan aikinsa - daga karfe 10 zuwa 11 kowace Laraba.

Glaciers

Sun rufe yawancin tsibirin (87%). Ƙarfin ya bambanta daga 100 zuwa 500 m. Icebergs an kafa ne daga gilashin da ke sauka cikin teku. Yankunan gabas da kudu maso gabashin yankin duka suna ƙarƙashin darajar icing. Sabbin hanyoyi suna samuwa ne kawai a kan manyan garkuwa na gine-gine. A daidai wannan lokacin, bisa ga sakamakon binciken, murfin Franz Josef Land yana hanzari sosai. Idan lamarin da aka yi la'akari da lalacewarsa ya kasance daidai, za a iya ɓacewa daga ƙasa bayan shekaru 300 har abada.

Franz Josef Land. Yana da zafi, sanyi?

Ƙungiyar tsibirin suna rufe yanayin sauyin yanayi. Matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a tsibirin. Rudolph ya kai -12 ° C. A watan Yuli, a bakin kogin Hooker dake tsibirin Pacific, iska ta yi zafi har zuwa -1.2 ° C, kuma a kan Hayes Island, inda ake da Observatory. Krenkel (mafi yawan tashar meteoro a arewacin duniya), - har zuwa + 1.6 ° C. Yanayin zazzabi a watan Janairu na kusa da -24 ° C, kuma yawancin zazzabi ya kai -52 ° C. Matsakaicin gusts na iska su 40 m / s. A cikin ɓangaren haɗuwa da garkuwoyi na gine-gine, yawanci 250 zuwa 550 mm na hawan sauka a kowace shekara.

Flora da fauna na Arctic

Mosses da lichens suna ci gaba da zama a cikin rufin tsibirin. Akwai ma da grits, iyakacin duniya Willow, saxifrage kuma Arctic poppy. Daga cikin mambobi za ku iya ganin alamar polar. Kadan sau da yawa yakan zo fadin farar fata. A jihar bakin teku ruwa ake sanaki wani dabbar walrus, da molo hatimi, beluga, narwhal, ringed hatimi da bearded hatimi. Richer a cikin fauna na tsuntsaye tsuntsaye - akwai kawai nau'i nau'in nau'in winged. Daga cikin su akwai tsabtace-tsaren, kittiwakes na kowa, guillemots, farin gull, lyuriki, burgomaster, da dai sauransu. A lokacin rani suna samar da kasuwanni na tsuntsaye.

Yawon shakatawa na tafiya zuwa Arewacin Kwango

Nawa ne kudin tafiya zuwa kudin Franz Josef Land tarin tsibirin? Ana iya saya kayan tafiya zuwa Arctic a farashin 875,076 rubles. ($ 24,995). Haka ne, tsada sosai! Wannan izini na iya haɗawa da tafiya tare da tawagar balaguro zuwa "Franz Josef Land". Babu shakka, wannan yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da ban sha'awa da dama. Shirin na tafiye-tafiye yana ba da baƙi su isa "Summit of the World" - 90 digiri c. W. A cikin duniyar makaman nukiliya ta duniya mafi karfi a duniya "50 Years of Victory". Kashe gine-gine yana karewa tare da barbecue na pola a kan murfin murya, wani rawa mai suna "zagaye-duniya" da rawa da yin wanka a cikin Arctic Ocean. A kan hanyar dawowa, za a ba da masu hijira gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin tsibirin, wani abu mai ban sha'awa wanda zai iya cinye kyanta. A cikin kilomita 540 zuwa arewacin Pole yana da mazaunin adadi da yawa, tsuntsaye Arctic, walruses da polar bears. Idan ana shirin shirya irin wannan tafiya, ya kamata mutum yayi la'akari da cewa tafiya yana faruwa a cikin wani wuri mai nisa, wanda ba zai yiwu ba kuma mai nisa a duniya. A sakamakon haka, ana iya ɗaukar hanya ta shirin a matsayin babban al'ada, shirin haɗin kan aikin balaguro, domin a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan waje irin su yanayi na kankara, yanayi, da dai sauransu, zai iya canzawa. Kamar yadda aikin shekaru goma ya nuna, babu tafiya zuwa Arctic daidai yake da na baya. Yanayin Arewacin Pole yana yin gyaran kansa. Wannan shi ne fagenityity da kuma ƙayyadadden fasali cruises.

Babbar shirin tafiya

Ranar 1

Zuwan Murmansk, saukowa kan kankara. A dutsen da ake tsammani lokacin da ƙungiyar matafiya zasu shiga jirgi, akwai duniyar makaman nukiliya ta duniya da take da ma'anar "50 Years na Nasara". Bayan wani lokaci jirgin zai bar babban yankin da kuma tafi ya tarye sabon abubuwan, wucewa ta cikin Kola Bay.

Ranar 2

A cikin Barents Bahar. Wani ɓangare na kowane fasalin shi ne shiri na fasinjoji don abubuwan da suka dace da tafiya ta musamman. Masu mambobin kungiyar za su fahimci masu hayar gwiwar tare da dokokin tsaro a kan jirgi da helikafta, da kuma fada game da dukkanin hanyoyi da suka haɗa da aiwatar da saukowa a kan tekun a Arctic.

Ranar 3-5

Hanyar kai tsaye ga Arctic. Kwana uku da suka wuce a cikin jirgin zasu gabatar da fasinjoji zuwa gaskiyar tarihi mai ban sha'awa da kuma yanayin ban mamaki na wannan ƙasa.

Ranar 6

Zuwan Arewacin Arewa. A kusanci zuwa makiyaya, kyaftin din zai dauki maɓallin gishiri zuwa haɗin gwaninta - 90 ° arewacin latitude ta jinkirta, hanyoyi masu kyau. Bayan dakatar da jirgi, masu hawan hutu zasu sauka zuwa kan jirgin ruwa mai dacewa kuma suna riƙe da al'ada na al'ada na "zagaye-duniya". Sa'an nan kuma bin wata al'ada mai ban sha'awa - za a umarci matafiya su rubuta bayanan rubutu, waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin ƙananan matakan kuma sun nutse cikin abyss na Arctic Ocean.

Ranar 7-9

Makasudin shi ne Franz Josef Land. Duk da cewa an riga an kammala babban aikin da aka yi, sai matafiya za suyi tsammanin abubuwan da suka faru da ban sha'awa, masu ban sha'awa. Gine-gine masu tsare-tsaren sune ya yiwu a gano abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin da suka faru a kan tsibirin shekaru da suka wuce. Daga cikinsu akwai darajar daraja ƙananan gida a kusa. Bell, wanda aka gina a 1881 da mambobi ne na tafiya Smith Lee, da kuma rushewar tsohuwar sansanin a game da. Northbrook. A nan ne a shekara ta 1896 akwai wata ganawa mai ban mamaki tsakanin Nansen da Jackson. Har ila yau ziyarar ziyarar ita ce Cape Norway, inda har tsawon watanni 7 da Nansen F. da Johansen suka ha] a hannu da aikin bincike. Darakta ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararren masanin kimiyya G. Ya. Sedov, wanda hotunansa ya zama samfurin na ainihin halayen lokacin da ka ƙirƙira littafin "Kabaye Biyu" na Kaverin. An gabatar da ƙananan hanyoyi na Arctic da asalin wuraren shimfidar wuri ga baƙi na Franz Josef Land. Hotuna da aka yi a cikin wannan yanki suna da rinjaye da alamarsu da kyau. Glaciers kamar lambobi na launi, haɗe tare da kayan ado masu launin fata da launin fata masu launi suna haifar da ban mamaki, yanayin jituwa maras kyau. Sakamakon wajibi na filin Arctic shi ne kuma dubban tsuntsaye na tsuntsaye da walƙiyoyin rawanuka wadanda ke cika bakin teku na tsibirin Franz Josef Land archipelago. Hoton hoto a cikin ƙirjin yanayin yanayin polar zai kama wani lokaci na musamman a rayuwa kuma ajiye shi cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarka har shekaru masu yawa.

Ranar 10-11

A cikin Barents Bahar. Lokaci ya yi da za a koma Murmansk. A kan hanyar komawa, kyaftin din zai gayyaci masu tafiya zuwa abincin dare a cikin gidajensu. A can, fasinjoji za su iya shakatawa a cikin kamfanin mai ban sha'awa kuma su saurari labarai na ainihi game da sabis na kan gishiri daga tushe.

Abin da aka haɗa a cikin yawan kudin da yawon shakatawa

• Gudun tafiya a kan gilashin "50 Years na Nasara".
• Shirye-shiryen rukunin kungiyar. Sun hada da duk tafiye-tafiye na tudu, ziyarci wurare na muhimman tarihi da kuma sauran abubuwan da suka faru a kan mahalicci.
• Hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye a kan zodiac (ta hanyar yanke shawarar jagorancin jagorancin saboda lalacewar yanayi zai iya soke).
• Shirin shirin laccoci wanda masanan sunaye da kwararru na yankin suka shirya.
• Gurasa guda huɗu a rana (ciki har da abincin da ke cike da abinci). Kofi da abincin kaya a ko'ina cikin rana; Ruwan sha.
• Tufa takalma don haya a lokacin jirgin ruwa.
• Bayanan bayani don sake dubawa da kuma littafin baƙo tare da hotuna akan DVD.
• Buga kudade da kimar fasaha.
• Jacket na musamman don balaguro.
• Asibiti na asibiti game da hadari a jirgin.