Labarin kasa: billboards - yana da ... Aldan Shield. Ukrainian garkuwa

The Earth ta ɓawon burodi ne iri-irin da kuma kunshi daban-daban tsarin abubuwa. Nazarin da tsarin da lithosphere (m Duniya) yana daga cikin manufofin biyã da kimiyya na labarin kasa. M - shi ne daya daga irin wannan abubuwa. Shi ne game da su za a tattauna a wannan farar takarda.

A duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma tsarinta

Babban tsarin abubuwa na ɓawon burodi ne lithospheric faranti cewa zai iya zama da nahiyar ko Oceanic. Wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu ya bambanta a tsarin (giciye-kashi): da dutse Layer ne ba a cikin nahiyar faranti.

Kira mafi barga dandamali (tectonically) ɓangare na lithospheric faranti Duniya. A lokaci guda, su ne nuclei (tushen) domin nahiyoyi. Bayan su a cikin lithospheric faranti ma kasaftawa orogenic (folded) bel - da kuma epiplatform epigeosynclinal.

Platform - mafi barga tsarin da ɓawon burodi cewa ya kafa inda daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, akwai m dutsen tsarin. A kan lokaci, sun rushe, da kuma surface baje a wannan wuri. Kamar wancan ne kafa wani karfi da kuma barga tsarin - kafuwar. Daga baya a kan shi a fara tara laka hankali da samar da wani lokacin farin ciki Layer (cover).

All data kasance dandali a duniya ya kasu kashi tsoho (cikin Turanci adabi suka sukan kira cratons) da kuma matasa. Wadannan map nuna babban (haihuwa) dandali na duniya tamu. Suna alama tare da m tinge.

Duniya ta ɓawon burodi tsarin karatu da kimiyya na labarin kasa (Grade 7). Next muka dubi tsarin da dandali a more daki-daki.

Tsarin abubuwa na dandali (labarin kasa, Grade 7)

A dandamali kunshi biyu yadudduka: da crystal tushe (faruwa a kasa) da kuma sedimentary cover (rufe tushe).

A ma'aunan kasa kimiyya ware Tsarin hudu umarni da cewa yin up duk wani dandali. A garkuwa, farantin, anticline da syncline - Waɗannan su ne babban rabo. Next, za mu yi la'akari da shi su. Ididdigewa ne ga wadannan Tsarin shi ne quite isa ga cikakken ci gaban a makaranta hanya "yanayin kasa".

Shields - shi kofofi Duniya ta surface na crystalline ginshiki na dandali. The adadin irin jimloli iya isa har zuwa 1,000 kilomita ko fiye a tsawon. Yawanci, bangarori ne na musamman zuwa tsoho dandali Tsarin.

Faranti - wannan sararin yankunan da dandamali, wanda aka cikakken rufe sedimentary murfin. Sau da yawa sosai matasa shekaru dandamali rufe a cikin wannan murfin gaba daya. Saboda haka su ma kira faranti.

Anticline da syncline - shi ne tsarin da 2nd domin. ANTECLISE kira m kiwon farantin. Syneclise - wani m tasa a kan kuka ko, kasa fiye, a cikin crystalline garkuwa.

A wannan labarin, za mu duba a garkuwoyi na zamanin d dandamali na Eurasia - Siberian da kuma gabashin Turai. Duk da haka, a kusa look kafin shi a kan batun na "abin garkuwa ne."

Labarin kasa: billboards - yana da ...

Kalmar "garkuwa" da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin ma'aunan kasa kimiyya. A karo na farko da wannan lokaci da aka yin amfani da a Jamus Eduard Suess (1903).

Garkuwa - wani crystalline ginshiki outcrop a cikin zamanin da dandamali. Saboda haka, da farfajiya na duniya suna located Precambrian kankara, shekaru iya isa 3,5-4 shekaru biliyan. Suna kullum wakilta granites, quartzites, gneisses, wanda ake gittar da mun gwada manyan yankunan.

Features na tsarin allon

Allon ne na farko, kuma mafi barga Tsarin na nahiyoyi. Yawancin lokaci, suna kewaye da belts na folded kankara na Cambrian shekaru. The taimako bangarori sau da yawa ya furta dan kadan convex tuddanta, kuma kananan duwatsu.

Shields aka kewaye da mafi agile da kuma mobile yankunan, dutsen gini matakai da cewa an ruwaito gwada da kwanan nan (a cikin ma'aunan kasa sharuddan - 100-200 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce).

Mafi shahara misalai na bangarori a wannan duniya tamu: Kanad, Ukrainian, Aldan, Baltic. Wadannan yankunan suna hade da manyan adibas na tama ma'adanai (tama, jan karfe, manganese, da zinariya, nickel, da sauransu. P.). Saboda haka, a cikin Aldan Garkuwa gano manyan adibas na jan karfe tama da apatite. A cikin Ukrainian Garkuwa samu a duniya, most reserves na ferruginous quartzite (Krivoi Rog tasa).

A tarihin samuwar kuma tsarin da Siberian Platform

Siberian dandali - wani babban yanki yanki, wanda ya mamaye wani babban yanki a arewa-maso-gabashin ɓangare na Eurasia. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin dandamali a duniya, kafuwar wanda aka kafa da baya a Archean. Bayan haka, ya ba da zarar ta rufe ruwan tekuna, don haka cewa akwai aka kafa wani iko da murfin na sedimentary kankara.

Siberian dandali yana bayyana iyakoki a kan surface na Duniya: arewa - shi ne kudancin gangara Byrranga duwãtsu yamma - kwarin Yenisei River, da iyakar kudancin gudanar tare da kashin baya, da kuma gabas - a kan ƙananan kai na da Lena River.

Siberian dandali ginshiki hadaddun kankara na Archean da Proterozoic, wanda karfi crumpled cikin folds. Yana gneisses, amphibolites, schist, marmara da sauransu. Su shekaru ne quite m: daga 2.3 zuwa 3.7 biliyan shekaru. Platform sedimentary cover aka hada da kankara shekaru daban-daban. Don arewa maso gabashin kasar tip na dandali ne halin da intrusive kankara cewa, samar da lu'u-lu'u bututu.

Siberian dandali ne rashin arziki a cikin daban-daban albarkatun ma'adinai. Akwai manyan adibas tama, Mika, apatite, graphite. Don da sedimentary cover tsare gwaji reserves na man fetur da kuma iskar gas, kazalika da ci, lu'u-lu'u, jan, nickel da zinariya ores.

A ma'aunan kasa tsarin da Aldan Shield

Aldansky garkuwa - mai tsinkaya crystal tushe a cikin Siberian Platform. An located in ta kudu-gabashin ɓangare na wannan kuma a cikin sauƙi da Aldan Plateau da kuma kashin baya. A yankin kudu da yamma na garkuwa aka kẽwayesu da yankin na dutsen gini ta hanyar wani tsarin zurfin laifinsu. A arewa-maso-gabas an rufe m alkyabbar sedimentary adibas na Cambrian shekaru.

Tsagaita (benaye), da tsohon ginshiki na Aldan Shield, za ka iya bi da juyin halitta daga ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi a matsayin dukan. Saboda haka, a cikin ƙananan bene bedded gneiss, schist, marmara da quartzite granulite. A gaba bene mai cike da sedimentary-volcanic kankara, metamorphosed zonally. A babba bene da aka wakilta m adibas na clastic da volcanic kankara, kazalika da manyan intrusions.

A daban-daban ma'aunan kasa epochs tectonic matakai a cikin Aldan garkuwa fiye da aiki sake. Wannan ya faru a cikin Paleozoic, Mesozoic da Cenozoic talakawan. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin bayãnin hukuncin fasali na yanzu crystalline garkuwa.

A cikin ƙasa na Aldan garkuwa hade tare da adibas na da yawa ma'adanai. Saboda haka, a nan shi ne gano da kuma bincika gagarumin reserves na baƙin ƙarfe ne da tagulla ores, Mika, apatite, kimberlites, kwal, da zinariya, da kuma daban-daban Semi-duwatsu masu daraja.

A tarihin samuwar kuma tsarin da Gabas Turai Platform

Gabas-Turai dandali - daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi barga dandali na zamani duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Yana kara daga Scandinavian Larabawa da Ural Mountains, mamaye mafi yawan Arewa da kuma Gabas Turai.

A da tsarin ne biyu m fitarwa crystal tushe - Ukrainian kuma Baltic garkuwa. Nan a kan surface a wurare da dama kau da kai da tsoho kankara - kagaggun dutse da quartzite. Mafi yawa sun samar da babban dutse outcrops da sosai wasan kwaikwayo tsaunuka. A sarari tsakanin garkuwoyi da kamanta Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

Foundation dandali hadaddun igneous da metamorphic kankara na Precambrian shekaru, wanda aka densely dissected da zurfin tectonic laifinsu. Gabas-Turai dandali kafa harsashinsa a cikin marigayi Proterozoic. Platform cover kunshi dan kadan maras kyau sedimentary da volcanic kankara na daban-daban ma'aunan kasa shekaru daban-daban.

Albarkatun ma'adinai na gabashin Turai dandali

A Gabas Turai dandali bincika arziki adibas na daban-daban ma'adanai. Wasu daga cikin su suna da alaka da kafuwar ma'aunan kasa tsarin, da sauran - tare da sedimentary murfin.

Don fita wurare a kan harsashin dandali surface tsare babbar adibas tama (Krivbass, Kurskaia Magnetic anomaly Kremenchugsky pool, da dai sauransu), jan, titanium, nickel ores da apatites. Tare da sedimentary cover dandamali hade iskar gas filayen (Volgouralskaya man fetur da kuma iskar gas da lardi, da Dnieper-Donets ciki, da dai sauransu), da kwal da kuma lignite (Donbass, Moscow yankin), phosphate, haƙar da daban-daban kayan gini (farar ƙasa, marmara, dolomite da sauransu. D.) .

A ma'aunan kasa tsarin da Ukrainian garkuwa

Ukrainian crystalline garkuwa - a protrusion na kafuwar Gabas-Turai dandali a kan ta kudu maso yammacin karkata. Ya miƙa dubu kilomita (a cikin Ukraine da Belarus a part) daga Gorin River a arewa zuwa gaba na Bahar Azov a kudu. A taswira da ke ƙasa da shi ne alama a rawaya.

Matsakaicin fadin na Ukrainian garkuwa ne da nisan kilomita 250. A duka yankin na surface - game da dubu 135 murabba'in kilomita.

Ukrainian garkuwa da aka hada da mafi yawa daga igneous da metamorphic kankara na Archean shekaru (da shi gneisses, granites, amphibolites, migmatites da sauransu). A wurare da dama, wadannan crystalline kankara da ake gittar, kafa kyau kankara, sashen kogin da kuma cascades a kan waɗansu kõguna na filayen.

Ma'adanai na Ukrainian garkuwa

By hasashe na tushe na zamanin d dandamali suna sani ya zama tsare tama ma'adanai. Kuma Ukrainian garkuwa nan - ba togiya.

A cikin wannan yanki tsarin bincika manyan reserves tama (Krivoi Rog tasa), uranium tama (Zheltovodsky da Ternovskii filin), zirconium ores (Vol'nogorskoe ajiya), da daraja, da semiprecious duwatsu, kayan gini (musamman, a Zhitomir da kuma sauran yankunan da Ukraine mined dutse cikin mafi ingancin). By duk asusun da ma'adinai m na Ukrainian garkuwa ne kusan ba tare da daidaita a Turai da kuma a duniya.

Found a kan wannan jirgin da kuma ma'adanai na sedimentary irin. Su adibas aka tsare a kananan ikon (ba fiye da 50 mita) sassan rufe. Da farko, yana da lignite Dnieper tasa da kuma Nikopol manganese tama tasa.

ƙarshe

A binciken da na crustal tsarin shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin kewayon ayyuka kafa ta kimiyya na labarin kasa. Shields - ne tsarin abubuwa na zamanin d Duniya dandali. Wadannan yawanci tsare iko adibas na tama ma'adanai da kuma semiprecious dutse.

Aldan Shield, kuma Ukrainian - shi ne mafi girma crystalline protrusions sansanonin a nahiyar Eurasia. A farko daga cikin wadannan da aka located a Rasha, a cikin Siberian dandali, da kuma na biyu - a cikin Ukraine, a kan Gabas Turai dandali.