Mene ne anthropogeny? A matakai na ka'idar, matsalar na anthropogenesis

A yawa na kimiyya an bincike irin mamaki a matsayin anthropogenesis. A tarihin na mutane, su bayyanar da juyin halitta ya fara da za a yi karatu a cikin 18th karni. Har sai wannan lokacin, an yi imani da cewa yanayin da dukan abubuwa masu rai sun kasance ko da yaushe a matsayin mai kyau a matsayin da Allah ya yi. Next, muka dubi abin da yake anthropogenesis. A labarin da za a ba da halaye na zamanin d wayewa Wakilai.

terminology

Kafin ka ce abin da anthropogenesis, ya kamata a lura da cewa karatu na wannan sabon abu tsunduma a irin wannan sciences kamar yadda halittar mutum, harsuna, jinsi da sauransu. Shan la'akari da juyin mahallin, ya kamata a lura da cewa Kalmar "mutane" ya kamata a dangana ba kawai da mai rai a yau, amma kuma ga dadadden jinsin halittar Homo. Yanzu la'akari da definition. Juyin halittar mutum - wani bangare ne na tsarin juyin halitta da ya kai ga zargin Homo sapiens. M mutane rabu da sauran hominids, placental dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma birai. Magana ne game da abin da yake anthropogenesis, ya kamata mu ce shi ne ba kawai rabuwa. A dukan tsari ne mai tarihi, juyin samuwar mutanen da daga jiki ra'ayi. Yana hada da harshen asali ci gaba da kuma aikin yi.

Overview

Bisa ga ka'idar anthropogenesis, halittar Homo tsaya baya game shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce. Wannan ya faru, bisa ga masu bincike a Afirka. Duk da yake akwai da dama iri mutane. Mafi yawa daga cikinsu ya mutu. Da wakilan da iri ya kamata, musamman, sun hada da kwatanta da erectus. Magana ne game da abin da yake anthropogenesis, ya kamata a lura da cewa nazarin rufe ba kawai Homo sapiens. Kimiyya da karatu da sauran hominids, Australopithecus, misali.

mataki

A tsarin juyin halitta - Etap anthropogenesis (Ukr.) - ya kasance ba maras wata-wata. Formation na Homo sapiens, shi rabuwa da ya faru a hankali. A mafi muhimmanci matakai na anthropogenesis - shi ne fitowan na harshe, da ci gaba da wuta da kuma farkon na yi na kayan for aiki. Mutane fara amfani da dutse don kuwa fara da Homo habilis. Kowane sabon ƙarni ne mafi elaborately kerarre abubuwa fiye da baya daya. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a lokacin da na karshe 50 shekara dubu al'adu da fasaha da aka canza da yawa fiye da shi ne a baya shekaru daban-daban. Manzilõli anthropogenesis shaidar mutane rabu da sauran hominids. Gwamnatin, su ne zobe-garu daga dabba duniya.

A zurfin bincike

Kamar yadda aka ce a sama, matsalar na anthropogenesis sami bincika a cikin 18th karni. A imani da cewa duk abin da yake da sakamakon halittar Allah, shi ya kasance quite na kowa. Amma, duk da wannan, a hankali suka san talaucinsu na jama'a da al'adun, kimiyya fara ɓullo da anthropogenesis ka'idar. Ideas game da ci gaba da shagaltar da zukatan mutane da yawa masu bincike. anthropogenesis matsalar da sauri ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci kimiyya matsaloli na mutane.

Gominizapiya

Humanization hada da ci gaban mai yawan basira. A musamman, mutane suka fara tafiya a mike, ya karu da jiki nauyi, rikitarwa tsarin da kwakwalwa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru neentseaizatsiya. A wannan tsari shi samo asali cerebral bawo. Halittu anthropogenesis aka tare da samuwar hannuwa saba da aiki, m harshe, na ra'ayi tunani, m. Yana zama na fili, da kuma zamantakewa kungiyar na mutane. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta ya fara dauki siffar da kayan al'adu na mutum.

A unevenness na aiwatar

Kamar yadda da shawarar da masu bincike, da kudi na morphological canje-canje a cikin yanayi, m ba da cikakken zo daidai da taki na kwayoyin da biochemical juyin halitta. Domin aiwatar da halin tsananin riko da ci gaban al'adu da kuma morphological da aikin kungiyar. Irin wannan unevenness na jiki irin bayyana a cikin gagarumin samuwar kauce tafiya da kafa biyu hadaddun zumunta gominidizatsii sauran tsarin. Homo sapiens fara motsa game 3.6-3.8 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce a kan biyu gabar jiki.

falsafa view

Bisa ga manazarta, da tuki sojojin anthropogenesis, babban na wanda aka dauke aikin, a yarda mutane zuwa ba kawai ware, amma kuma tashi zuwa mataki na ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da sauran halittu masu rai. Da samuwar Homo sapiens, da yawa masana falsafa dauke da wani ingantaccen tsalle, fitowan da sabon zamantakewa siffofin motsi na al'amarin. Gominidizatsiya, bisa ga gabascin - hutu a hankali a hankali juyin halitta daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Harshen dangantaka tsakanin zamantakewa da kuma nazarin halittu ci gaba da mutane bayyana akidar Karl Marx-Leninist rukunan. A cewar shi, ya zama gominidizatsiya kwayoyin hada da mafi girma siffofin motsi (social) low, wanda ba a soke ba, amma kawai batun kuma tuba.

Samuwar kimiyya

A dukan tsari aka tare da wani karuwa a cikin juz'i na bayanai. Da farko shi shafi na farko lokacin da samuwar mutane. Development anthropogenesis matsayin kimiyya aka tare da yaduwar wani m nazarin mafi muhimmanci wurare, da halittar kuma da aiwatar da manufar hanyoyin (yafi radiometric). Daidai da muhimmanci a gudanar da bincike tsari ya kasance da kuma Dating sami. Malamai amfani biomolecular kusanta ne a wurin phylogeny maimaitawa. Magana ne game da abin da yake anthropogenesis, da masu bincike ya lura da cewa shi ne mai rikitarwa aiwatar da, a cikinsu rectilinear yanayin da ya kwarara. Bugu da kari, masana kimiyya nuna wa musamman high volatility na m alƙarya.

Ramapitekoidnaya jarrabawa

A farkon matakai na samuwar da na kowa akwati mutane da kuma manyan birai za a iya gani a mannyan birai a Jamhuriyar Burma. Su cikakkar shekaru 40 da miliyan shekaru. Aƙalla miliyan 10 da shekaru matasa, fiye da m birai zaune a Afirka ta Arewa (Misira). Aegyptopithecus diddigin yadda wani m da daga baya kungiyar driopithecus. Daga gare su, tun lokacin da na Darwin ta asali da tushen ne bincike na mutane da birai. A kayyade lokaci na rabuwa Homo line, akwai wasu bambance-bambance. Daga cikin data kasance daya m jarrabawa ne "ramapitekoidnaya". A daidai da shi ga asali nau'i na mutane yarda Ramapithecus. Sun kasance a sosai raya anthropoid birai. Ramapithecus zauna a gabashin Afrika, West, Gabas da Kudancin Asia da Tsakiya da Turai. Nazarin da aka za'ayi da farko ta dentoalveolar gutsure da ciwon cikakkar Dating daga 14-15 ga 8-10 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce.

wani view

Wasu masu bincike yi imani da cewa morphological bambance-bambance Ramapithecus daga sauran zamani driopithecus sun kasance kaɗan. A daidai da wannan jarrabawa, da kadaici da halittar Homo ba har sai da miliyan 10 da suka wuce, kuma tabbas daga baya, 8 shekaru miliyan. Ga shi ya kamata a lura da cewa wadannan alkaluma suna daidai da mafi kwayoyin anthropological data. Lokacin da Homo layi na rabuwa ne da samuwar magana skills samu tafiya da kafa biyu, ya canje-canje a cikin kwakwalwa tsarin da sauransu. Duk wannan shi ne wani takamaiman karbuwa daga mutane da muhalli. A ci gaba da rayuwa mutum, dabbobi, da kuma su kungiyoyin, yafi dogara ne a kan aikace-aikace da aka bindigogi.

A mafi tsufa da wakilan

Tare da miƙa mulki ga wani sabon matakin na mutum hade da samuwar na musamman kungiyar na hominids. Wannan yan uwa sun farkon Australopithecines - sosai kafa biyu birai. Suna zaune a Afirka, gabashi da kudancin yawanci. Members na iyali rayu 5-4,5 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. A farko ĩmãni Australopithecus afarensis. Wannan Australopithecus, mai yiwuwa, zai iya zama da magabata, kuma daga baya wakilan wannan iyali, da kuma 'yan adam. A farko mambobi ne na iyalin bayyana game da miliyan biyu da suka wuce. Kwarangwal ragowar Homo habilis gano tare tsoho abubuwa dutse al'ada, wanda aka fara samu a Tanzania, Olduvai Gorge. Duk da haka, masu bincike kada ka ware ba kawai amfani amma kuma samar da sauran kayan bushe kafa biyu Australopithecines. Duk da haka, domin ba a sani ba dalilai, mai girma iya aiki domin karbuwa ta hanyar al'adu bayyana ta wakilan da mutum line. Daga baya Australopithecines zama dadaddun game da miliyan da suka wuce. Bayan wani lokaci da tsari da aka maye gurbinsu da Homo habilis, Homo erectus (pryamohodyachy mutane). Haka ya faru game da 1.6-1.5 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce.

canza jinsunan

Yana da ya faru a Gabashin Afrika. Homo erectus a Old World ne fairly yadu. Members na jinsin da suke zaune a Asiya, Afrika, kuma tabbas a Turai. Su zaune cikin ƙasa to 400-300 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce. Archanthropines (don haka ya kira wadannan tsoho mutane) da aka sanya mafi zamani na'urorin ga aiki. Daga bisani, a cikin lokaci daga 300 zuwa 40 000 da suka wuce, da sararin ƙasa na extratropical sarari na Eurasia da kuma Afirka zaunar Paleoanthropes. Daga mai morphological ra'ayi shi ne mai sosai bambancin yawan jama'a. Matsayin mai mulkin, ya ake dangantawa da al'adu na Paleolithic (Lar Stone Age). Mafi yawa daga cikin sakamakon binciken da suka shafi kwatanta. Su, bi da bi, bi da ko matsayin mai zaman kanta, ko kuma a matsayin subspecies na zamani mutum. A cikin Tsohon World a karshen Wed. Paleolithic fara bayyana neanthropines. Ya na farko zamani suke. Har yanzu da aka sani guda sun gudanar da binciken. Neanthropines wanzu 100-70 dubu. Lita. da suka wuce, da kuma mai yiwuwa a baya. Suka zauna a gabashin Afrika, da Near East, Crimea da kuma sauran yankunan.

A lokacin rabuwa line Homo sapiens

A wannan batu, akwai wasu bambance-bambance. Mai bincike yi imani da cewa akwai wata rabuwa a tsakiyar ko farkon Upper Pleistocene. A wannan yanayin shi ya zauna m, ko gudanar sapientatsiya (samuwar mutanen da na zamani irin) sashe ko a hankali a hankali canji na canza matsayin da kan bango na wani janar Yunƙurin a matakin na kungiyar. Ga shi dole ne a ce cewa karshen ne mafi kusantar su daga baya anthropogenes, saukarwa. Ba da bambance-bambance, yana da wuya a kafa musamman m na Homo sapiens, kamar yadda sapientatsiya, a fili tare da wani mix na alƙarya. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba na "reticular type" a nuna. Sapientatsiya da aka gudanar a yankuna daban-daban na Eurasia da kuma Afirka a daban-daban gudu. Mai yiwuwa, ba duka kungiyoyin sun iya isa matakin na zamanin d Homo sapiens. A gaban kowa juyin alamu na tarihi da yanayin da suka aiwatar zai dogara kan muhalli da kuma wasu dalilai. A kara taki halayyar da kakanninsu da suke zaune a kasashen Gabas, ta Kudu-Gabashin Turai da Gabashin Afrika. Magoya bayan na biyu main shiriritar game da wuri inda akwai Homo sapiens, sun hada da wadannan yankuna a sapientatsii zone farko.

A karshe mataki

Aƙalla 40-35 dubu. L. baya view of Homo sapiens ya zama kawai wakilin duniya na hominids. By da Upper Paleolithic mutane suka fara shirya a Amurka da kuma Australia. Major jinsi - Mongoloid, Negro Australoid da caucasian - mai yiwuwa ya tashi daga baya. Su aka kafa a aiwatar da intraspecific bambantawa rinjaye a lokacin Homo sapiens. A cikin samuwar su gwada da kananan taimako sanya ta m hominids gabanin, saukarwa. A Paleolithic (tsakiya da kuma ƙananan) ya Bayyana kawai ya zama ruwan dare ãyõyin jinsi. saman bai kasance a kowace hanya data kasance launin fata kungiyoyin sun kawai farkon. A wannan lokacin, yawan mutanen da ya karu sannu a hankali.

dalilai anthropogenes

Mutane a cikin tsarin juyin halitta sami wani babban amfani - da ikon daidaita zuwa wani yanki na ecumene. A wannan yanayin, da tsarin fasali na jinsunan kasance canzawa. Na bayar da muhimmanci kan aiwatar da sapientatsii da nazarin halittu anthropogenesis dalilai. Daya daga cikin manyan zabin yanayi. Suna gyarawa wadanda heritable canje-canje da cewa gudummawar da samuwar da kuma aiwatar da aiki. Amma ga m hominid jama'a, da ci gaba da zaman kungiyar ne sun fi mayar dogara a kan nazarin halittu halaye na mutane. Duk da haka, a kan lokaci, zabin baza quntata yankin. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta samuwar da kuma kafa zaman jama'a dokokin, halittar al'adu yanayi. Idan anthropogeny shafi zamani mutum, zabin abubuwa a matsayin inji for rike da riga kafa kungiyoyin cikin jinsin na kullum halayen ko a matsayin wata ãyã daga intraspecific polymorphism. Last m hankali, kamar yadda daban-daban siffofin a kayyade sharuddan, wanda suna da amfani da dama yanayi moriya ga inganta] aukacin dacewa. Zai yiwu shi ne da kafa da kuma tseren "Na'urar iri." A cikin shekaru ya zama bambancin morphological da aikin kungiyar, wanda ya bayyana a cikin ci gaban da wadannan ko wasu climatic zones da sosai daban-daban muhalli da yanayi.

Holocene

Mene ne zamani anthropogenesis? A cikin shakka daga yanzu ma'aunan kasa epoch bikin sarkar na m canje-canje. Su shafar sauran jiki size, shugaban siffar, wani m kashi tsarin, girman kwakwalwa, wajen kisa da sauran fasali. Wadannan ci gaba da nazarin halittu sigogi ba za a iya lura a duk alƙarya, suka ayan zama cyclical a cikin yanayi, a kan dukan quite kiyaye a cikin tsarin na musamman Lines na Homo sapiens. Daga cikin wadannan canje-canje ne gaisawa da hanzari.

kimiyya abu

Tun da mutum ya ke dauke da nazarin halittu da kuma zamantakewa dabba, anthropogenesis da sociogenesis inextricably nasaba. A farkon rabin karni na 19th, binciken burbushin, masana binciken burbushin halittu, archeologists sun tara mai yawa empirical abu. Ya zama kafuwar rukunan Anthropology. A nazarin na bayar da muhimmanci shi ne aiki na Boucher De Perta (French tarihi). A cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th, ya aka neman dutse kayan aikin da yin amfani da su a tabbatar da m mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin kwanaki na mammoths. Gano tarihi karfe sukar Littafi Mai Tsarki Chronology kuma sadu da isasshe m jama'a juriya. Boucher de Perthes da aka samu a kimiyya ne kawai zuwa 60-th shekaru na 19th karni.

Darwin ta ideas

A 1856, bayan da aka gano daga cikin kwarangwal na wani Nearnderthal da kuma yawan gabata kama binciken a cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 19th, a kimiyya wani sabon shugabanci, kira halittar mutum. Godiya ga shi, aka tara gaskiyane abu yarda tada batun na kama mutane da kuma birai a ilimin Halittar Jiki sharuddan, kazalika da nazarin halittu ci gaba mutane a baya dazamani. A karshen da aka sa Darwin jim kadan bayan da littafin da "The Origin of Species." Duk da haka, a cikin wannan aiki, ya rubuta cewa nan da sannu za a fi gane da asalin tarihin mutane.

A kimiyya muhawara

The tambaya da asalin mutanen da suka zama batun shawarwari tsakanin Richard Owen da kuma Thomas Huxley. Last rinjawarwa bayyana bambance-bambance da kuma kamance tsakanin birai da mutum. By lokacin Darwin ya wallafa wani littafi na biyu akan Asalin wanda, ya kamata a lura, duk da fairly tartsatsi, shi ya tsokani muhawarar. Duk da haka, wasu magoya bayan akidar juyin halitta, kamar Charlz Layel, kuma Alfred Uolles, bai fahimci yadda dabi'un da iyawarsa ta tunani zai bayyana a mutane a cikin shakka daga zabin yanayi.

Research gabatar a yau

Kamar yadda na yanzu bane, mutane ne sakamakon samuwar al'amari domin 13.7 biliyan shekaru. Su ne mafi wuya ga shirya duk irin kallo. Ga muna magana ne ba kawai game da zuciyar dan Adam, cikin kwakwalwa, ko wani nau'i na zamantakewa kungiyar. An dauke da cewa a sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya injin wakiltar Jihar al'amari, ta gabatar manyan fashewa, a cikinsa barbashi mallaka a "mai rumfa" kasancewar sanya ta hanyar up ga mutum, data kasance a yau. Wannan ka'idar da ake kira duniya evolutionism.

a ƙarshe

Matsalar anthropogenesis matsayin wani al'amari na bayyanar da muhimmanci Properties na mutane, kafa mun gwada kwanan nan (a kwatanta da duniya juyin halitta), mayar da hankali a kan abin da ya faru na Homo sapiens. A wannan batun, shi ne hankali hade da Bio-juyin halitta. Tun lokacin da na Darwin ta matsala ne saboda da karbuwa daga halittu masu rai da canza yanayin muhalli a ƙarƙashin rinjayar uku dalilai. Wadannan sun hada da maye gurbi, zabin da kuma gadar hali. A sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa wannan "juyin halitta dokar," a ƙarƙashin rinjayar muhalli canje-canje simian precursor na zamani mutumin samu cikin halayyar Properties. Daga cikin halaye da cewa wakiltar wani musamman adam, tsaya daga sama duk da harshen da fahimi basira. Su samuwar aka ƙaddara da canje-canje a cikin jiki na kakanninsu. Da farko muna magana ne game da wani karuwa a cikin kwakwalwa. Wadannan canje-canje, bi da bi, ƙwarai rinjayi sauyin yanayi. A musamman, da kayyade rawa ne da sanyaya. Hakika, shi ke zato.

Duk da haka dai, abin tambaya shi ne da key rikirkida kai tsaye sanya daga dabbobi, da mutuncinsu, dauke da daban-daban masu bincike a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban - da kuma dangane da definition wannan iyaka.