Mensheviks - wanda shi ne irin? Jam'iyyar Mensheviks. Shugabannin Mensheviks

Yau, kwararru da yawa a fannin gabatarwa na ayyuka da kuma dukiya tsanani gardamar cewa shugaban na proletarian juyin juya hali, VI Ulyanov shi ne mafi talented marketer a duniya. Ya baiwa ne cewa ya ya iya "sayar" da m talakawa na da ra'ayin daidaitaka, ta amfani da takaice dai, biting da kuma fahimta taken. Vladimir Ilyich ya iya ya halicci dunkule da ma'ana alamomin (da guduma da lauje, da biyar-nuna star), da kuma sanin da ya dace kamfanoni launi (ja). Amma babban rabo na Lenin sa a zabar wani iri. A cikin taro sani daidaita ra'ayin cewa Bolshevism ne wani babban abu, mai iko, babu makawa kuma marar sakewa. Amma da Mensheviks - yana da wasu kadan abu a general datti.

Samar da wani iri mafi iko jam'iyyar siyasa na XX karni da ya faru a London a 1903, a lokacin rani.

Lokacin da akwai Bolsheviks da Mensheviks

Na biyu na jam'iyyar Congress aka gudanar tutur a birane biyu - Brussels da kuma London. Babu shakka, masu shirya tsoron zalunci, kuma nemi a halin asiri, saboda da haka ya tafi zuwa ga sabon abu mataki a matsayin hutu da kuma tafi. Lenin da Martov yawa, kuma sau da yawa jãyayya, kuma jigon muhawara za a iya rage zuwa ko ba jira ga apple kanta da dama, ko kuma wajen rip shi? A kalla wasu daga cikin wadannan kalmomi, nan gaba shugaban na Bolsheviks, ya bayyana makirci na musu. Daya daga cikin tsofaffin 'yan RSDLP da kuma wata babbar jam'iyyar theoretician Martov unripe' ya'yan itatuwa ba ya so ya kashe karya rassan da itãce da kuma harba saukar da more shi ba zai tsaya.

Dukansu mahawara a lokacin amince da cewa juyin juya halin da ya zama duniya, shi zai faru a cikin kasashen da mafi m masana'antu, da kuma kawai sai yada wa da baya da baya mulki-jihar, daga cikinsu yawan Rasha Empire. A tambaya shi ne kawai da yadda za a ba fifiko zuwa hanyoyin - shari'a ko a boye. Bayan zaben, wanda ya kai ga nasarar da Leninist line, jam'iyyar raba biyu sassa. Nan da nan Lenin kira magoya bayan su ga Bolsheviks, ya kara da cewa magoya bayan Martov - da Mensheviks. Wannan shi ne wasu har m da tarihi na XX karni.

A farko juyin juya halin

Wajibi ne a biya musamman da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Bolsheviks ba ko da yaushe enlists da kama hannun yaro na lamba magabaci a lokacin da jam'iyyar zaben a farkon karni na ashirin, da m. Su zaba layi a cikin karkashin kasa-yan ta'adda aiki ya jagoranci wani tsaga daga cikin RSDLP. A III Congress, aka gudanar ma a London (1905), da magoya bayan Martov ta sa hannu ba ya so ya yi, ba su sani ban tausayi neman sauyi events kamar faruwa ga na gaba mataki na zamantakewa da ci gaban a Rasha, watau bourgeois jamhuriyar, wanda corresponded zuwa da akidar Karl Marx ka'idar. Duk da haka, a cikin m yunkuri na Maris wakilan reshe shiga, da suka yi a kan jirgin ruwa na soja "Potemkin" kuma a lokacin da wasu tashin hankali. Saboda haka, shawara ta taso a wani wuri a cikin sama echelons na jam'iyyar, kuma a yankunan karkara, ba wasa a babban rawa. Bayan da danniya na cuta Plekhanov yi magana da shi a matsayin gaske m, wanda bai kamata ba, kuma venturing. The shugaban na Mensheviks, Martov amince da wannan ra'ayi.

The yaki da Japan

A Bolsheviks so da shan kashi na Tsarist Russia, kuma suka aikata duk abin da ya rushe tsaro iyawa na kasar. Wannan ne mafi fili ya nuna so da Jamus a lokacin yakin, amma aka farko tsara a baya - a lokacin da Japan. Daya daga cikin dalilan da sun ki su shiga a cikin III Congress of London RSDLP Mensheviks - wani al'amari sani zuwa gare su kayan tallafi daga kasashen waje maƙiya leken. Allah wadai da yaki Martovites ba zai iya yarda da ra'ayin cewa yanci zai zo daga kasashen waje, kuma zai kawo Japan a kan su bayonets. Bugu da kari, da Rising Sun a lokacin da aka yi, harkar more rayuwa da kuma a zahiri gwada da baya da baya a jihar, da kuma gabatarwa da ta cin nasarar yaki bai dace a yan dabaru. A general, da Menshevik akida, kamar yadda Bolsheviks fitar da mulki a lokacin da yiwuwar nasarar juyin juya halin a daya kasar.

tare sake

A shekarar 1906, shugabannin biyu fikafikan RSDLP sake saduwa a cikin majalisa, wannan lokaci da shi da aka gudanar a Stockholm. A jam'iyyun gane da bukatar yin aiki tare, ya kuma nemi cike da rata. Bambance-bambance Mensheviks da Bolsheviks a wannan lokacin ba ze sosai muhimmanci, kuma da abin ya shafa kawai wording na farko sakin layi na jam'iyyar Dokokin. Martov samarwa bar canzawa da wajibi don "inganta", kamar yadda Lenin nace a kan "sirri hallara" a cikin kungiyar. A duban farko, bambanci ne kananan, amma a gaskiya ya juya daga cewa shi ne na muhimmancin gaske. Lenin nemi kafa wani m matsayi tsarin gina ta fama, da kuma Martov ta da kyau isa ga talakawa masana magana shop. A juyin juya halin Musulunci canji na shugaban na Mensheviks dauke wanda bai kai ba, miƙa zuwa mayar da hankali a kan hankalinku retarded yawan babbar m kasa, ba cikakke ga gurguzanci. Duk da haka, Bolsheviks lashe wani nasara: Lenin aka amince version na farko labarin na Yarjejeniya RSBRP (o).

interwar saba wa juna

Bisa ga ƙa'ida, bayan da "hadin kai" na Stockholm Congress Party tsiwirwirinsu solidity, amma hakikanin saukar da gaban da sauran rikice-rikice. Da shan kashi na juyin juya halin tilasta sotsdekovskoe jagora yi hijira a cikin sahu mulki disheartening. Bukatar kudi, amma Bolshevik hanyoyin da su shiri evoked a gauraye dauki madawwami abokan adawar - Martov, Levitsky ɗan'uwansa, Potresov, Axelrod da sauran Mensheviks. Akwai wani yunkuri na "liquidators" suka bayyana ra'ayi game da wajibcin cikakken rushewar doka aiki, ƙarshe na "eksov" (watau fashi da makami), amma shi zai rufe kawai ɓangare na magoya bayan softer ayyuka (ciki har da Plekhanov), wasu sun dauka a dãko, furta kudurin hadin kai. Trotsky da aka buga a 1912, a Vienna, jaridar "Pravda", wanda aka buga articles a fili anti-Leninist, da kuma a kan tushen kafa fitar da babban jam'iyyar sashin jiki na taro ya kasance don ƙirƙirar wani dandali, da ake kira watan Agusta. Naúrar kafa bayan ta sha wahala Menshevik duk wannan aibi, wato ciki gogayya da da ewa fadi baya. Janar bukatun 'yancin walwala, ofisoshin wakilci a IV Jihar Duma kowane fannin rayuwa, da sauransu. N. Was ba gamsu da sauran mahalarta a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi.

Defeatists da kuma kishin kasa

Bayan fara yakin duniya na II, da Menshevik shirin zo a cikin kai tsaye rikici da Bolshevik siyasa. Potresov, Plekhanov da sauran "defencists" ba su yi la'akari da hakkin ya nemi mutuwa na tsarist gwamnatin farashin mai na kasa bala'i. Su sunyi tir da yaki kamar yadda irin wannan, ya kira ta daya-m, sa'an nan gaba "birgima" to da amincewa da gaskiya cewa Rasha sojojin kare kawai ƙasar. Camp RSDLP raba biyu sassa: da "internationalists" da "kishin kasa" siffofin da suka shafi cikin yiwu sakamakon cikin yãƙi, a gaban. A mafi muni, wãtau matsayi aka dauka don cimma burin na halting da kuma kau da yaƙe jam'iyyun "ba tare da annexations ko indemnities." Halakar da escalating yãƙi a cikin yakin da rikici wanda ba ya son Bolshevik reshe na RSDLP. A Mensheviks yi imani da cewa karshen zaman lafiya a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki na iya haifar a duniya juyin juya halin. Sun kasance ba daidai ba.

A Fabrairu juyin juya halin zahiri fara aiwatar da "m shirin", ya ayyana farkon RSDLP a matsayin burin ga na gaba shekaru goma.

Babban theses na Menshevik siyasa

To, abin da yake da bambanci tsakanin Bolsheviks da Mensheviks? A jam'iyyar shirin, ko kuma wajen, da Maris na ta da reshe, da ke cikin wadannan sakin layi:

a) kãmun ikon a kasar da babu data kasance yanayi da kuma abubuwan da ake bukata ba su da amfani, shi ya sa hankali kawai 'yan adawa gwagwarmaya.

b) Rasha proletarian juyin juya halin ba zai faru ba da daɗewa, da kuma kawai bayan ta yi nasara a Turai da kuma Arewacin Amirka Amirka;

c) da rawar da m bourgeoisie a cikin gwagwarmaya da autocracy ne da muhimmanci, kuma muna bukatar su hada kai da shi.

d) da peasantry - baya aji, shi ya kamata a yi amfani a matsayin karin ikon da Majibinci, amma ba za ka iya dogara da shi.

d) da proletariat - babban "locomotive" na juyin juya halin (wannan batu ya taso a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Bolshevism).

e) fĩfĩta doka hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya. Ta'addanci ne unacceptable.

Fabrairu

Menshevik jam'iyyar matsayin mai zaman kanta siyasa karfi da aka kafa a farkon 1917. A duban farko, kome ya tafi bisa ga yarda da shirin, da bourgeois jamhuriyar tashi a kan kango na daular, kuma a yanzu za su iya kawai jira a lokacin da mutanen da girma da ya so wani sabon juyin juya hali, wannan lokaci da proletarian. The damuwa shi ne cewa ban mamaki events na Fabrairu 1917 kama kashe tsare jagorancin RSDLP. A Mensheviks, a matsayin Bolsheviks bai sarrafa ta shakka, a cikin kungiyar na kifar da sarki bai shiga, kuma yanzu painfully kokarin amfani da halin da ake ciki don aiwatar da shirin manufofin kamar yadda ya kamata kamar yadda zai yiwu. Da sauri kewaya Martovites. Yana kafa da wucin gwamnatin, da kuma sun wakilai da wakilainsu a cikin abun da ke ciki. Mensheviks a cikin sabon ikon tsarin da uku (AM Nikitin, K. Gvozdev, PN Malyantovich), N. S. Chheidze gangarawa cikin Petrograd Soviet, sa'an nan, a watan Yuni, bayan da na All-Russian Congress of Soviets ma ya zama shugaban Rasha ta tsakiya kwamitin zartarwa. Ci gaba karfafa jam'iyyar matsayi, fadada yiwuwa na da tasiri a kan talakawa.

Jam'iyyar Mensheviks, duk da bayyane nasarorin, da sabuwar kwangilar ailments hali ta: ta iko da aka raba uku igiyoyin. Dama (wakilta Potresov) sun shagaltar da matsananci m matsayi, centrists (Dan, Tsereteli) mallakan da hakkin ya ci gaba da kai a kan neman sauyi aiki a cikin yanayi na bourgeois dimokuradiyya, amma kawai bayan da nasara a kan na waje abokan gaba da kuma hagu (Maris) Allah wadai da hannu a cikin aikin na wucin gwamnatin, sun bukaci nan da nan rarraba ƙasar da zaman lafiya.

Kafin wani sabon juyin juya halin

Nan da nan kafin Oktoba juyin juya halin bar jam'iyyar sunã sahu guda, da yawa shahararren Mensheviks. A jam'iyyar shirin na ta vagueness mayar da m magoya bayan kuma Mãsu kai-kawo, cikinsu da Yuri Larin, Leon Trotsky , har ma da Plekhanov. A tsari na siyasa hijirarsa ya zama wani taro na game da 4000 Petrograd tsentristov- "Interdistrictite" shiga cikin Leninist reshe na RSDLP a cikin bazara na 1917. A dalilan da wannan hali sun tursasawa: da Menshevik akidar aka ragu goyon baya ga yaki, daga wata alƙarya, disoriented aiki Bolshevik farfaganda, kawai gaji. Bugu da kari, akwai ya kasance wani m rikitarwa a tsakanin siyasa a raga da kuma wasu kirki daga cikin shugabannin jam'iyyar, wanda bai yi kuskure ya yi alkawari da jama'ar da ba su iya yi. Game for ikon da aka rasa, da kuma a cikin watan Oktoba, da Mensheviks gane shi sosai.

juyin mulki

Oktoba 25 akwai wani juyin juya halin da kuma fadawar ikon da Bolsheviks. RSDLP (o) nan da nan ɓullo da Allah wadai da wannan ƙuduri, kiran irin wannan ayyuka a usurpation, amma ya yi latti. Ciki hadin kai da daidaito shi ne har yanzu ba a lura. Kira don ƙirƙirar sabuwar gwamnatin, "uniform", wakiltar dukkan siyasa igiyoyin kan daidai gabãtarwar, kuma su goyi bayan majalisar da aka kafa , kuma bã zuwa ga wani wadãtar. Goma daga cikin mambobi na kwamitin tsakiya da kuma uku 'yan takara bar jam'iyyar darajõji. Yana da aka gudanar da wani m gaggawa majalisa na RSDLP (o), amma ya ma zauna wanda ba a gama ba, fãce rushe majalisar da aka kafa ta Bolsheviks a farkon shekarar 1918. Sa'an nan ya zo cikin yakin basasa, lokacin da hakkin-reshe Mensheviks karkashin shugabanci na O. Levitsky, V. N. Rozanova kuma A. N. Potresova dauka a matsayi, shi ne maƙiya a sabon hukumomi.

Domin ko da na Soviet gwamnatin?

Shugabannin RSDLP (o) dauka a lokacin yakin basasa, da aiki hannu a cikin ikon Tsarin halitta a cikin yankuna fiye da iko da Bolsheviks. A daidai wannan lokaci da Mensheviks canja sunan jam'iyyar da kuma fara kiran kansu kawai da Rasha Social-Democrats, ba tare da haruffa cikin baka biyu. Sai suka gudanar da ministoci posts a cikin Samara Komuch, wucin Siberian Government, Central Caspian, Ufa taron, Urals yankin gwamnati. A shekarar 1918, sun (SPD) zahiri kwace mulki a Georgia bayan da sanarwar akwai wani Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar. A mayar da martani, da Bolsheviks fitar da wakilan da RSDLP dukkan majalisarku. Duk da haka, a watan Agusta na shekarar 1918, da Menshevik jam'iyyar da aka partially gyara, da yadda za a ki hadin gwiwa da da bourgeois ƙungiyoyi.

Da shan kashi na Mensheviks

A danniya ci gaba a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1919, bayan da bunqasar na Bolshevik matsayi a lokacin yakin basasa. A Kiev, Odessa, sa'an nan a cikin Jojiyanci Cheka, m tsabtatawa na gano 'yan RSDLP. A hadin gwiwa tare da gudummuwar Army of Denikin, da Bolsheviks aka zargi. A Mensheviks da Socialist-yunkuri, Cadets da kuma wakilan sauran jam'iyyun a kadaici, a wasu lokuta (m) da aka harbe shi, kuma su shugabannin sun "zaunar" ga manufar dashi. Menene wannan lokaci rõwa, shi ba a san, amma wanda zai iya tsammani. Yu Martov da Abramovich kasance sa'a: su ya gudu kasar a 1920. Bayan shekaru biyu, sai aka aika ƙasashen waje wani shugaban sotsdekov Rasha - wata Menshevik F. Dan. A lokaci guda a cikin Moscow sun kama wani dukan kungiyar matasa reshe na RSDLP, kuma sama da shi da aka shirya a jama'a shari'a, amma a karshen, da Soviet gaskiya ya iyakance tunani. A danniya kai ga kusan cikakkiyar shan kashi na Mensheviks. mutum Kwayoyin, tafi karkashin kasa, dade har 1925.

Menene ya faru da Mensheviks sa'an nan

A rabo daga cikin Mensheviks sami kansu a zaman talala, shi ne unenviable. Kokarin buga nasu periodicals tabbatar da musamman m, zaunar "ubanninmu na Rasha dimokuradiyya" a Jamus a shekara ta 1933 aka tilasta su matsa zuwa Faransa sa'an nan zuwa Amurka. Amma bad "alama" ya zama wani irin stigma ga waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma daya dalili ko wata juya a kira su ƙyãmã zuwa Stalin ta jagoranci. Idan dole, kowane memba na jam'iyyar iya tuna ya Menshevik da, ba ko hasashen. A farko high-profile shari'a da aka gudanar a shekarar 1931: a kan zargin da counter-kuniyar neman sauyi na 14 ma'aikata na State Bank da kuma jihar Planning kwamitin da aka yankewa hukuncin dogon kurkuku sharuddan.

Duk da haka, ba duk da tsohon Menshevik Bolshevik Jam'iyyar kauce masa sai mai tsanani. Babban Mai Shari'a Wyszynski, jami'an diplomasiyan A. A. Troyanovsky da Maisky, da kuma wasu mambobi ne na dakatar da kungiyar zauna a rayuwa quite da kyau. Ko da yake a kan su rataye da su da takobi na Damocles.