Tsoho wallafe-wallafe. A tarihin na ci gaba. Wakilai daga cikin zamanin tsufa

Kalmar "Ancient Wallafe-wallafe" da aka fara gabatar da masu tausaya wajama'a na Renaissance, wanda aka kira a matsayin da adabi na zamanin d Girka da Roma. Kalmar da aka kiyaye su domin wadannan kasashe, da kuma ya zama fadan da na gargajiya tsufa - a duniya da cewa ya rinjayi da samuwar da al'adar Turai.

Periodization na adabi na tsufa

A tarihin zamanin da adabi ne da farko dangane da al'adun zamanin tsohuwar Girka. A wannan batun, akwai uku lokaci na ta ci gaba.

1. Na farko lokacin da aka kira pre-gargajiya ko tsaoho. Wallafe-wallafe gabatar baka jama'a art, wanda ya samo asali saboda arna addini. Yana hada waka, lokatai, da labaru game da gumaka, laments, karin magana, da yawa wasu nau'o'i da cewa an gabatar da almara. A lokacin da firam na farko lokacin ba shi yiwuwa a gano. Na baka nau'o'i samo asali kan ƙarni, amma kiyasta lokacin ta ƙarshe - na farko na uku na na karni.

2. Tsoho adabi na biyu lokaci bautarka VII - IV a. BC. e. Shi ne ake kira mai classic, kamar yadda ya zo daidai da lokacin samuwar a Girka na gargajiya nau'i na bauta. A wannan lokacin, akwai lokatan da yawa lyrical da almara ayyukansu, kazalika da litattafan, a cikin abin da ci gaban da babbar gudunmawar sanya orators, da masana falsafa da kuma masana tarihi. Dabam, ya kamata a lura V karni BC. e., wanda ake kira zinariya. A tsakiyar wuri a cikin adabi na wannan lokaci ya ɗauki wasan kwaikwayo.

3. Na uku, da Hellenistic lokaci a cikin tarihi na zamanin d adabi hade da ci gaban na bauta. Da zuwan na soja-monarchical nau'i na kungiyar na iko ne mai kaifi bambantawa na rayuwar mutum, wanda shi ne tushen daban-daban daga cikin sauki daga cikin gargajiya da zamani.

Wannan lokaci ne sau da yawa bi da matsayin lokaci na adabi ƙasƙanci. A shi rarrabe farkon da kuma marigayi mataki na Hellenism, suka rike lokaci daga III karni BC. e. to V karni BC. e. A wannan lokacin, a karon farko ta ayyana kanta a Roman tsoho wallafe-wallafe.

tsoho mythology

Dalili na zamanin d mythology sa up labaru game da tsoho gumãka, gumakan-Olympians da heroes.

Legends game da tsoho alloli su ne Helenawa da Romawa a lokacin da jama'a ya matriarchal. Wadannan alloli aka kira chthonic, ko brutish.

Tare da farko na patriarchy abũbuwan fara duba more kamar mutane. A wannan lokaci, akwai wani hoto na Zeus ko Jupiter - babban abin bautawa, wanda ya rayu a kan Dutsen Olympus. Shi ne Dalili kenan da sunan Olympic alloli. A ra'ayi na Girkawa, wadannan halittu da m matsayi, wanda zai gaskata wannan tsari da ta wanzu a cikin al'umma.

A heroes of tsoho camfin sun m mutane, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin wani sakamakon sadarwa a tsakanin mutum da kuma abũbuwan-Olympians. Alal misali, daya daga cikin shahararrun ne Hercules - dan Zeus da Alcmene saba. Helenawa yi imani da cewa kowane daga cikin haruffa yana da wata manufa ta musamman: don wanke Duniya daga dodanni, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa Gaia.

epos

Qagaggun a zamanin d adabi epos Genre wakilta sunaye kamar Homer da Virgil.

Homer - almara mawãƙi, wanda yana dauke da marubucin daga cikin tsofaffin tsira almara waqe - "The Iliad" da "Odyssey." A kafofin ga halittar wadannan ayyuka sun zama myths, jama'a songs da Legends. Homer ta almara waqe da aka rubuta a hexameters.

Virgil - Roman mawãƙi, marubucin na almara almara waka "Aeneid." A da shi marubucin extols almara asalin na Roman mutane.

A lyrics da wasan kwaikwayo

Daya daga cikin shahararrun wakilan da lyric Genre za a iya kira a poetess Sappho. Ta amfani da na gargajiya almara motifs, amma ciyar da su da m images da kuma iko motsin zuciyarmu. Yadu a san poetess samu lokacin da yake rayuwa. Her aiki ya hada da tara littattafai na shayari, amma ya yi tsira kawai da ɗari biyu da waqe-waqe da lyrical Tsarki.

Theatrical wasanni kasance daya daga cikin rare nisha na zamanin d Girka. Tsoho adabi na Golden Age na wannan Trend ne ya wakilci a biyu main nau'o'i: bala'i da comedy.

A gaskiya, da tsoho bala'i ya wasar kwaikwayo ta waka. Its kafa yana dauke da tsoho Greek marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo Aeschylus. Ya rubuta fiye da 90 kwaikwaiyo, amma tsira ga kwana, kawai bakwai. Daya daga cikin shahararrun bala'in na Aeschylus ne "Prometheus daure", wanda image ne har yanzu amfani da marubuta.

Tsoho comedy da siyasa mayar da hankali. Alal misali, daya daga cikin wakilan wannan salo - Aristophanes - a cikin comedies "The World" da "Lysistrata" Allah wadai da yaki tsakanin kasar Girka da kuma Sparta. Comedy "Riders" mai tsanani soki shortcomings na dimokuradiyya da rinjaye a birnin Athens.

Asalin da litattafan Genre

List of tsoho adabi a litattafan Genre aka wakilta, a sama da dukan, Plato ta hirar. Da abun ciki na wadannan ayyuka da aka gabatar ta hanyar tattaunawa da kuma shawara tsakanin biyu interlocutors, wanda dole a sami gaskiya. Babban gwarzon Plato ta hirar da aka malaminsa Socrates. Wannan nau'i na bayanai da ake kira "Socratic tattaunawa".

30 da aka sani Plato hirar. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu su ne labari na FC, "Biki," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus."