Jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa": halaye. Battleships type "Iowa" bayan modernization

A zamani jiragen ruwa yana cike da misalai na yadda jirãge, gina goma ko ashirin da suka wuce, har yanzu quite dacewa. Zuwa ga waɗanda, misali, shi ya shafi sanannen American jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa". Jiragen irin wannan sun zama shahararrun? Har yanzu, da yawa masana tarihi da kuma gunsmiths yi imani da cewa wadannan battleships sun cikakken hade da makamai, makamai da kuma maneuverability. A zanen kaya sosai gudanar ya halicci motocin da suke da kyau kwarai ajiye, gudu da kuma tsaro.

Fara na ci gaba

Fara na aiki a kan jirãge Dates baya ga 1938 riga. Halittawa da zarar saita aiki - don ƙirƙirar da sauri da kuma da-m jirgin ruwa na soja, wanda zai yi bi jirgin sama dako, kuma sunã tunkuɗe da kai hare-hare da nufin su. Babban matsalar da aka cimma a guje gudun 30 kullin. A daidai wannan lokaci da muka fara na farko matsaloli da Japan, haka ya zama dole su yi sauri: mutane da yawa gane cewa cikin zuriyar samurai ba zai kasa damar kai farmaki da Amurka jiragen ruwa.

Ba tare da ƙarin ƙorahi ba, mun yanke shawarar yin amfani da matsayin tushen da jiragen ruwa na "South Dakota." A sakamakon haka, da jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa" wani hijirar na 45 ton, da kuma babban manyan bindigogi zamo bindiga a kan karfe 406 mm. Dole ne in ce cewa ga jiki tsawon na kara kusan 70 mita, amma da nisa daga cikin ƙwanso ya bar kusan canzawa tun da Panama Canal shibtarsu ya nagartacce.

"Sea batons"

Designers kuma yi amfani da asali bayani: sabon wuri na da ikon shuka. A sakamakon haka ne da yawa Sause hanci, tabbatar kyau kwarai tuki yi tasoshin. Saboda wannan, da jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa" da aka wa lakabi da "sandarka." Hakika, saboda karin tsawon na ƙwanso makamai ya karu da nauyi, amma da halaye sun daidai kamar a cikin "South Dakota" jiragen ruwa. Saboda haka, babban bronepoyas duk da kauri daya na 310 mm.

Kawai hudu jiragen ruwa na wannan aji aka gina:

• Kai tsaye "Iowa" - da jirgin ruwa na soja ne flagship.

• "New Jersey."

• "Missouri".

• "Wisconsin".

Akwai kuma ayyukan da jiragen ruwa "Illinois" da "Kentucky", amma suna gina ba su kasance. Haka ya faru ga banal dalilin - da yaki ne a kan, kuma ku ciyar $ 100 miliyan domin gina kowane jirgin a cikin hasken da wannan taron ya kasance wawa. By hanyar magana, baka da "Illinois" da aka yi amfani da don gyara na "Wisconsin".

Inda ba za ka iya ganin jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa"? Model 1: 200, wanda za a iya sayi a kusan duk wani jirgin tallan kayan kawa hanya da cewa zai ba ka damar. Bugu da kari, musamman bugu akwai wata babbar lamba na hotuna, daga jirgi. Hakika, su photos da a cikin labarin.

Janar Bayani dalla-dalla

Abin da halaye suna da jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa"? Performance halaye su ne kamar haka:

• Kawar da aka 57.450 tons.

• Total tsawon - 270,5 m.

• Da nisa daga cikin jirgin 33 mita.

• Daftarin na da jirgin ruwa - 11 mita.

• The motsi na hudu gubar dizal engine, a cikinsa kowane ikon da aka 212.000 horsepower.

• Iyakar gudun - 33 kullin, wanda wajen yayi dace da 61 km / h.

• Cruising kewayon - ba kasa da dubu 15 mil.

Makamai da aka ma sosai ban sha'awa:

• Hudu "aman wuta" kafuwa.

• Hudu anti-makami mai linzami hadaddun "Mashi" (bayan zamani).

• Uku 406 mm manyan bindigogi kafuwa (uku a kowane ganga).

• Shida 125-millimeter raka'a (biyu a kan kowane kara).

Bugu da kari, da battleships na "Iowa" bayan da haɓaka samu wani ƙarin 32 "Tomahawk", wanda sanya su fi hatsari adawar.

New manyan bindigogi tsarin

A tsawon bindigogi bar canzawa, a 50 zamo, kara zuwa 406 mm ganga. New bindigogi da aka kaddamarda Mk-7. Su ne mafi m ga 45-zamo Mk-6, wanda aka sanya a kan tasoshin "South Dakota". Daga cikin abubuwan, da nauyi na manyan bindigogi da tsarin da aka saukar da, da yawa daga cikin fasaha mafita karni na karshe da aka maye gurbinsu da na zamani wadanda. Kullum, da jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa", wanda kuma siffofi da zane, a wani labarin domin ta lokaci ya gaske wani ci-gaba jirgin.

kara a size

Kullum, shi ne ban sha'awa to swatch makamai tarihi. Saboda haka, domin shekaru 20 kafin ta samar da wani yawa na zamo kamar manyan bindigogi tsarin 406 mm, amma sai su yi amfani da aka ƙuntata doka ta. Sa'an nan wannan hanin ya ki, ta haka ne warware biyu matsaloli a lokaci daya. Da fari dai, jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa" ya samu sosai a cancantar sabis. Abu na biyu, akwai wani "halal" dalilin da ya karu muhallinsa, da wanda ya karbi "matsi" a cikin jirgin da dama sauran fasaha sababbin abubuwa.

Duk da haka, shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa bukatar kara da korar wani 2,000 ton, wanda riga ba ya shige a cikin tsarin na sharuddan da tunani. The yawan amfanin ƙasa da aka samu da sauri - bindigogi yuwuwa ta yin amfani da samar da wasu gami da kuma bar wasu tsarin abubuwa. A lokaci guda Amirkawa an yadu amfani chromium plating ganga Hanyar cikinsa da shaida kauri ya 0,013 mm. manual bindigogi lokaci ya kusan 300 Shots.

Rufe - fistan type, tare da harbi ya swings saukar. Bayan yin harbi ganga a karkashin matsin cikin ƙaho iska a kan tilas. Ba tare da rufe gun auna 108 ton kuma tare da shi nauyi kai 121 tons.

used bawo

Amfani ga harbe-harben girma Shots, daya kawai propellant cajin wanda auna kusan uku quintals. Ya iya kaddamar da wani dako yin la'akari 1.225 kilo zuwa nesa na kusan arba'in kilomita. A tsari na ammonium kasance biyu makamai sokin kuma high-m iri-iri. Amma ba kawai wadannan makamai masu linzami sun kasance a cikin arsenal jirgin "Iowa". Linkor ya m Shots Mk 5, wanda nauyi ya 1116 kilo. Kusa da 1940 Amurka Navy ma samu bam MK-8, wanda (as tsohuwar iri) da kuma auna 1225 kilo.

A general, da harbi da nauyi da kuma size ya zama tushen da firepower na American jirãge, faro "North Carolina". Yana iya ze m, amma kawai 1.5% daga cikin nauyi ne kawai m cajin. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne har yanzu bai isa ba karya ta makamai na maƙiyi jiragen ruwa. Saboda haka, a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Pacific a lokacin yaki da Japan, shi ya bambanta "Iowa". Jirgin ruwa na soja, wanda hoto ne a cikin takarda, ya halarci a cikin tsabta-up ruwa daga maƙiyi jiragen ruwa.

nukiliya shekaru

A farkon 50s a kan makamai dako shiga Mk-23, wanda aka sanye take da makaman nukiliya cajin, wanda damar da aka 1 KT. Yana auna "kawai" 862 kilo, yana da tsawon kawai a kan daya da rabi mita, da kuma bayyanar da aka kusan indistinguishable daga Mk-13. Bisa ga hukuma version, musamman bawo kasance a sabis na Amurka Navy daga 1956 zuwa 1961, amma a gaskiya su ne ko da yaushe kiyaye a cikin jihar bakin teku arsenals.

A farkon shekarun 1980s, shi ya juya daga cewa jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa" type da wajen mediocre sakamakon harbe-harben da iyaka, kuma da cewa wadannan halaye ba zai cutar tsanani inganta. To jimre da wannan matsala, US injiniyoyi fara ci gaban musamman -piercing bawo for 406-millimeter bindigogi. Yin la'akari a at kawai 654 kilo, ya aka kamata ya tashi a kalla 66 kilomita. Wannan ke kawai wannan ci gaban ya zo ba daga cikin gwaji mataki.

Rate kida da aka biyu Shots da minti daya, tare da kowane ganga zai iya haifar da wani zaman kanta wuta. A hasumiyar da 406-millimeter bindigogi auna game da uku tons. Alhakin harbi da lissafi na 94 mutane (kowane kayan aiki). Af, yadda mutane da yawa suka a kan jirgin cikin jirgin "Iowa"? Jirgin ruwa na soja, wanda photo, ya sha nanata samu a wata kasida a 2800 bukaci masu jirgin su cika dukan ayyuka.

-kori-kura tsarin, turrets

Horizontally hasumiya a iya jawo by 300 digiri, da a tsaye - na 45 da kuma -5 digiri. Bawo da aka adana a cikin biyu tiers, vertically, kasancewa cikin Barbet gun kafuwa. Tsakanin kantin sayar da Rotary inji hasumiyar akwai biyu mafi dandamali da za su iya juya da kansa hasumiyar kanta. Dõmin sun samu harsasai daga shagon, sa'an nan ka kawo su a bindigogi. Shin alhakin shi kawai uku ski lifts, da damar kowanne daga abin da ya 75 HP.

mallaki harsasai

Harsasai da aka adana a kan darajojine guda biyu a cikin ƙananan compartments. Ciyar da hasumiyai kuma yi a kudi na mota, amma a cikin wannan hali iyãwarsa ne 100 HP Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da "Dakota", da jirgin ta tsarin ba dauke da transshipment compartments, wanda zai iya ajiye ƙungiya daga fashewa da harsasai.

Amirkawa don magance wannan batun sun bayar da wani fairly hadadden tsari na hermetically shãfe haske kofofin. Masana sun sau da yawa sun nuna cewa, an yanke shawarar sharply kara hadarin mutuwa ga ma'aikatan jirgin, amma a yi, da AMINCI na jirgin ruwa na soja da aka tabbatar. Me tsira da bala'i jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa"? Fashewa. Wannan ya faru a shekara ta 1989. Sa'an nan fashe a biyu turret 406-mm bindigogi, da kuma a sakamakon, kashe 47 mutane a lokaci daya, da kuma kafa a kan wuta. Har yanzu, da Sanadin lamarin ba da kafa.

Dalilan da gaggawa

An zaci cewa fashewar ya shirya wasu daga cikin jirgin, amma muradinsa ba bayyananne. Wani version ne cewa fashe daya daga cikin bawo saboda wani masana'antu lahani. A ɗaya, da dukan labarin dubi sosai bad: da sosai gaba rana da hasumiya da aka cika tsabtace, fentin, da tarkace jefa kashe a cikin teku.

Abin da aka, shãfe haske kofofin sun cika ta aiki: jirgin zauna da ninkaya, babu tsanani lalacewa. Kuma da cewa kashe 47 matuƙan a total number of 2800 kuma yayi magana da AMINCI na tsarin. Na biyu hasumiya bayan wannan yanayin da aka shãfe haske, kuma daina amfani. Bugu da kari, saboda jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa" aji iya ba su shiga a cikin Nicaraguan events.

fama da aikace-aikacen

All jiragen ruwa na wannan jerin halarci yakin duniya na II, da kuma Japan ta sallama da aka sanya hannu a kan daya daga cikinsu, da USS «Missouri." A 1943 da kanta, "Iowa" ya shiga tsakani a nemi saukar da Jamusanci "Tirpitz", da kuma a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekara, a kan jirgin kawo a Tehran Shugaba Roosevelt. Amma hakikanin karo da abokan gaba fara kawai a shekarar 1944, a lokacin da jirgin ya dauki kashi a cikin liquidation na Japan kungiyoyin a Marshall Islands.

A akwati inda jirgin ruwa na soja guda-handedly nutse cikin Japan kwatankwacin "Katori" aji, kazalika da rayayye halarci hari a kan Philippine Islands. High quality guje jirgin ya tabbatar da Disamba hadari a shekarar 1944 a lokacin da jirgin ruwa na soja ne ba kawai abin da aka sani shige da gwajin, amma samu ba wani tsanani lalacewa. Bayan haka, battleships na "Iowa" a shekarar 1945 riga shelled Japan ƙasa. Jim kadan bayan da atomic harin bom na kasar "Iowa" da "Missouri" ya ɗauki Japan tawagar.

A post-yaki halin da ake ciki

Duk da cewa da crews daga wadannan jiragen ruwa ne sosai m da kyau kwarai maneuverability da makamai, high tuki yi da kuma survivability, da abinda ke ciki kewaye domin soja kasafin kudin na USA tsada sosai. Kuma haka a wannan kotun a shekarar 1945 shi da aka sa a kan kiyayewa, kamar yadda da bukatar su zahiri bace.

Amma da jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa", da halaye na wanda suka quite ban sha'awa domin lokaci, a ajiye bai zauna dogon: a farkon Korean faru mayar da su zuwa ga "gaba echelon", to, akwai Vietnam. By hanyar magana, K'abilan Biyetnam events sun nuna cewa daya kawai jirgin ruwa na soja a wasu lokuta iya maye gurbin, a} alla 50 jirage, kai harin saboda da high yawa daga wuta a kan yankin. Tun da wani babba ɓangare na fada da ya faru a jihar bakin teku bridgehead, Amirkawa sun ajiye mai yawa jirgin sama.

Bayan Vietnam battleships sake sa "a abincin gwangwani", amma aka aika da baya zuwa gaban a cikin 70s, a lokacin da Cold War. Reagan ya so ya nuna Tarayyar Soviet da cewa Amurka - kasar ne karfi da kuma iko, da kuma da dama da-m jiragen ruwa dace da wannan manufa daidai.

Amma kowa ya san cewa wannan shi ne kawai wauta: data kasance a lokacin da jihar bakin teku mai linzami tsarin zai iya juya duk wani jirgin ruwa da tarwatsa dogon kafin lokacin lõkacin da ta iya yi amfani da makamai.

na zamani da tasoshin

Kamar yadda muka ambata, a cikin shekara ta 1980, ya zama a bayyane gaskiya abi'a da kuma a zahiri rabu amfani jiragen ruwa. Ya kamata ka yi wani abu game da shi. A wani lokaci a cikin iska ya fantastic ideas hira kotu ... a jirgin sama dako. A Wauta na shawara jaddada cikin siffar wani jirgin, wannan "sandarka." A sake fasalin kudin zai bukatar ka ciyar da irin kudi da cewa gwamnati zai zama kadan mai rahusa don gina wani sabon jirgin sama m.

Kamar yadda canja aji jirgin ruwa na soja "Iowa"? Model na zamani, amince da majalisar dattijai, ta tanadi da shigarwa na da makamai masu linzami "Tomahawk", wanda da cika fuska qara fama iyawa, daga jirgi. Bugu da kari, shi aka saka da makamai masu linzami "hargi", za'ayi manyan gyare-gyare na injuna da sauran kayan aiki na tasoshin.